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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 conditions necessary for evolution by natural selection |
1. variability 2. heritability of characteristics 3. influence of the environment on survival and reproduction |
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SPP |
Speciation: appearance of a new species |
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Speciation event occurs in: |
Allopatry 2nd pop must be seperated in space not in sympatry |
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Microevolution |
changes that occur in a pop, that do not lead to a new spp (e.g. resistance to insectizides) |
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Mutation |
characteristic is not heritable |
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Evolution |
a commulative change in the characteristics of one population of organisms over time |
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3 evolution processes |
1. Variation 2. Reproduction 3. Natural selection |
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Adaption |
feature of an organism that increases fitness (survival and reproduction) |
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Fitness |
the proportional distribution of individuals to future generations |
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3 types of selection |
1. Directional selection 2. Stabilizing selection 3. Disruptive selection |
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Adaptive radiation |
evolution of 1 generalised ancestral species to many specialised descendants |
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Environment includes |
1. physical factors 2. chemical factors (nutrients) 3. Biological factors (spp) |
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Natural selection |
an individual behaviour that max. the net benefit |
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Territorial defense (cost + benefit) |
cost: time, energy, risk of injury benefit: food, mate, shelter |
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Group living |
+ mating success, vigilance - less resources, diseases, predation risk |
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Eusocial |
closly related, stay together, recognize relatives sterile individuals - altruistic |
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biotic interactions abiotic factors |
predators, parasites, competitors temperature, physiological ecology |
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Distribution |
pattern in space and time |
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Dispersal |
moment of individuals into a new area to survive and reproduce |
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Gene flow |
movement of alleles from one pop to another |
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3 modes of dispersal |
1. Diffusion (california otter, cane toad) 2. Jump dispersal (African honey bee) 3. Secular (occurs in evolutionary time) |
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dispersal barrier |
not always geogr. range |
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Habitat |
part of the biosphere where a specific species can live |
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strategies to escape competition |
1. selecting different part of the habitat 2. changing diet |
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Abiotic factors that limit distribution |
1. temperature and moisture 2. light, pH, chemical factors |
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Population |
a group of organims of a same species, occupying a particular space at the same time |
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Local population |
Individuals sharing the same gene pool |
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2 types of population |
1. Unitary: Organism in pop: individual units (cats, birds) 2. Modular: not individual (coral, grass) |
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4 parameters of pop |
1. Natality 2. Mortality 3. Immigration 4. Emigration |
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survivorship curves |
1. large mammals, humans in developed countries 2. hydra, lizard, bird, mouse 3. fish, marine organims, oysters, oak trees, frog |
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Expanding pop formular |
Nt = N0*e^(r*t) |
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Discrete generation |
no overlapping between parent generation and further generation, life cycle on year Pop. depends on R0, if <1 then extinction |
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Biological interactions classification |
1. mechanisms of the interaction 2. effects of interaction |
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Biological interaction: mechanisms |
1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Herbivory 4. Parasitism 5. Disease 6. Mutualism |
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Categories effects of biological interaction |
1. 0 no effect 2. + one pop benefited at the expense of the other 3. - one pop adversely affected by the other |
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Competition |
1. Resource competition: common resource, short supply 2. Interference competition: seeking of a resource harms other organisms |
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Resources |
Plans: light, nutrients, water, pollinators, space Animals: water, food, mates, space |
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Niche |
ecological space occupied by a species + the occupation of the species in a community |
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Fundamental niche |
ecological space occupied by a species in the absence of competition and other biotic interactions from other species |
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realised niche |
the observed resource use of a spcies in the presence of competition and other biotic interactions; contrast with fundamental niche |
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Anti-predator defense |
1. Colouring (but predators must sample) |
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Community |
any assemblages of pop of living organisms in a prescribed area or habitat |
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community structure |
1. temporal variation (succession) 2. spatial variation (biodiversity) |
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Succession types |
Primary succession - new sterile area (lava, glacier, sand dunes)
Secondary succession - recovery from disturbed sites (flood, hurricane, tornado, fire) |
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Concepts of succession: Facilitation model |
1. species replaces each other, modify the environment --> less suitable for them, more suitable for others |
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Concepts of succession: Inhibition model |
initial floristic composition depends on who get to the area first each species surpresses and excludes new colonists more individualistic, less predictable |
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Concepts of succession: Tolerance model |
any spp can start succession, more tolerant to limiting resources, replace others, superior spp --> will dominate |
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Concepts of succession: random colonisation model |
only chance survival of a spp no facilitation, no competition can move in any direction |
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Biodiversity |
Spatial variation of community structure |
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Biodiversity can be measured at: |
1. Genetic level 2. Species level 3. Ecosystem level |
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Species richness |
Count all species: |
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Shannon Wiener Index |
high when no of species high, or even distribution |
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Simpsons Index |
little weight to rare species |
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endemic species |
spp occur only in a relatively small geographic area |
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umbrella species |
serve as a guide to other groups of species protecting them indirectly protects others |
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factors that have influence on biodiversity |
evolutionary speed geogr. area interspecific interactions ambient energy productivity disturbance |