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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach |
1)assume the existence of a command centre in the brain that makes executive decisions regarding movement a plan (program) is retrieved from memory and commands are sent to the motor system to implement the action |
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Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach |
2)plan created by a command centre cannot account for all variations/adjustments in skilled movement and the memory would struggle movements 'emerge'/self-organise from dynamical interaction of numerous variables in the body, the environment and the task |
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Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach |
1)movement variability is regarded as negative, as it suggests an unstable schema relies heavily on outcome measures |
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Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach |
2)variability is considered on many levels --performance or endpoint variability is viewed negatively --coordinative/joint variability is seen as positive, and often called functional variability |
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Humans are Complex Systems |
-Comprise of many interacting biological systems (e.g. CV, musculo-skeletal, etc) -Variable degrees of freedom (DoF)- independent elements of a system free to vary in different ways -Non-linearity of behaviour because component parts act in any different ways (progression, regression, plateus) -Stable and unstable patterned relationships (walking is stable but as soon as you hit ice it is unstable) -Subsystem components limit or influence the behaviour of each other |
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Self-organisation |
These system interactions enhance the intrinsic organisation of the system |
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Coordination among parts |
-Numerical phase space- hypothetical total number of states a self organised system can settle onto -Stable/functional patters of organisation- attractors -E.g. runner legs coordinate into an antiphase pattern -Order parameters- abstract variables that define or describe the overall behaviour of system, e.g. relative phase -Control parameters- a variable that influences the stability and character of the order parameter, e.g. frequency |
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Constraints |
-Actions, plans and memories are not stored in the CNS but self organise according to constraints -Task, environment and individual help to solve DoF problems -E.g. environment: won't run on ice. -E.g. task: different sports have different rules that limit movement patterns produced |
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DoF Problem |
Cortical keyboard: what's going on in brain Spinal keyboard: movement comes to muscles via CNS Motor unit-->alpha gamma linkage--> muscle--> joint action This is loads of DoF |
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Motor Equivalence |
Redundancy through many DoF (don't need to use them) |
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Context-Conditioned Variability |
-Anatomical (role of a muscle is context dependent) -Mechanical (command sent to muscles is ignorant against motion/nonmuscular forces) -Physiological (spinal cord is not just a relay station) |
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Berstein's DoF Problem |
-How does the brain control and organise the huge number of possible outcomes of action? -Skilled movement it: process of mastering redundant DoF of the moving organ, in other words its conversion to a controllable system |
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Route to Skilled Behaviour |
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Eliminating DoF |
Freezing DoF-Reduce range of movement about a joint Coordinative structure- couple joints (what one done so does the other) |
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Exploring DoF |
Releasing DoF Reconfigure coordinative structures |
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Coordinative structures (Turvey 1977) |
-a group of muscles spanning several joints that is constrained to act as a single functional unit -Joining two points will reduce number of DoF |
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Adam's closed looped theory of learning claims learning cannot occur without: |
memory long term memory knowledge of results perceptual trace |
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Transfer of learning that occurs between 2 limbs is called: |
symmetric transfer asymmetric transfer bilateral transfer positive transfer |
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4 pieces of info are available when making a movement (Schmidt): |
-Initial conditions, recall schema, recognition schema, response specification -Sensory consequences, knowledge of results, response outcome, summary feedback -Initial senses, sensory consequences, response outcome, recall schema -Initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences, response outcome |
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A coordinative structure: |
-Tuvey's definition -group of muscles spanning several joints that is constrained to act as a single functional unit -are rules that select parameter values for specific movement and initiate goal directed performance -can only be identified using fMRI |
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GMP comprises both a: |
Rate and force parameter |
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Characteristics of retention tests |
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Recall schema benefits from what type of practice |
Variable practice |
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Characteristics of learning: |
-Dependent upon practice/experience -A relatively permanent change in performance |
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Absolute Error is defined as: |
The deviation between the criterion and the performance ignoring direction |
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Benefit of previous experience on the learning of a new skill is called: |
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Bilateral transfer is: |
The transfer of learning that occurs between two limbs |