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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Work" |
"Work" may be defined as carrying out tasks that require the expenditure of mental and physical effort, which has as its objective the production of goods and services that cater to human needs.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Occupation" |
An "occupation", or job, is work that is done in exchange for a regular wage, or salary.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Economy" |
The "economy" consists of institutions that provide for the production and distribution of goods and services.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Technology" |
The harnessing of science to machinery in order to produce an ever-increasing variety of goods more cheaply.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Informal Economy" |
The term "Informal Economy" refers to transactions outside the sphere of regular employment, sometimes involving the exchange of cash for services provided, but also often involving the direct exchange of goods or services.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Division of Labor" |
Work that has become divided into an enormous number of different occupations in which people specialize.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Economic Interdependance" |
"Economic Interdependence" is the dependance people have on an immense number of other workers for the products and services that sustain out lives.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Taylorism" |
Formerly known as "Scientific Management", "Taylorism" involved the detailed study of industrial processes to break them down into simpler operations that could be precisely timed and organized. (This is commonly mistaken for "Fordism")
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Fordism" |
"Fordism" is the name given to designate the system of mass production tied to the cultivation of mass markets.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Alienation" in terms of Karl Marx's thinking |
For Marx, "Alienation" refers to feelings of estrangement and even hostility--initially to one's job and eventually to the overall framework of capitalist industrial production.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Low-trust System" |
Jobs are set by management and are geared to machines. (The managers have little trust/faith in people, so they rely on perfect machines.)
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "High-trust System" |
A system in which the workers are permitted to control the pace and even the content of their work, within overall guidelines.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Strike" |
A temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees to express a grievance or enforce a demand.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Capitalism" |
A way of organizing economic life that is distinguished by the following important features:
- private ownership of the means of production - profit as incentive (motivation) - free competition for markets to sell goods, acquire cheap materials, and use cheap labor - the restless expansion and investment to accumulate capital |
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Monopoly" |
When one firm occupies a commanding position in a given industry.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Oligopoly" |
In situations of "oligopoly", firms are able more or less to dictate the terms on which they buy goods and services from the smaller firms and their suppliers.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Family Capitalism" |
Large firms run either by individual entrepreneurs or by members of the same family and then passed on to descendants.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Managerial Capitalism" |
Managers have more influence through the growth of very large firms. (As opposed to family capitalism)
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Transitional/Multinational Corporations" |
Large corporations that establish branches in two or more countries.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Automation" |
The use of programmable machinery to do work.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "post-Fordism" |
"Post-Fordism" describes a new era of capitalist economic production in which flexibility and innovation are maximized to meet market demands for diverse, customized products--albeit often with adverse impacts on the workforce.
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[Work & Leisure]
Define "Flexible Production" |
In "Flexible production" systems, the companies that design and sell products seldom make them in their own factories, instead outsourcing production to factories around the world.
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[Work & Leisure]
Describe the term "Knowledge Economy" |
In a "knowledge economy", much of the workforce is involved not in the physical production or distribution of material goods, but in their design, development, technology, market, sale, and servicing.
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[Mass Media]
Define "Communication" |
The transfer of information from one person, context, or group to another.
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[Mass Media]
Define "Public Sphere" |
The "public sphere" is a sphere of communication, in which public opinion is formed and attitudes shaped.
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[Mass Media]
Define "World Information Order" |
An international system for the production, distribution, and consumption of information.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Family" |
A group of people directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which take care of the children.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Kinship" |
Connections among individuals, established either through marriage or though the lines of descent that connect blood relatives.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Nuclear Family" |
Two adults living together in a household with their own or adopted children.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Polygamy" |
A marriage that allows a husband or wife to have more than one spouse.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Polygyny" |
A man may have two or more wives at one time.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Polyandry" |
A woman may have two or more husbands at one time.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Primary Socialization" |
The process by which learn their society's culture norms.
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[Families and Households]
Define "Cohabitation" |
A couple lives together in a sexual relationship without being married.
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[Education]
Define "Hidden Curriculum" |
The "hidden curriculum" refers to the idea that students from different social class backgrounds are provided different types of education.
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[Education]
Describe the process of "Tracking" |
Dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of assumed similarities in ability or attainment.
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[Religion]
Define "Religion" |
A cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provides a sense of ultimate meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural.
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[Religion]
Define "Theism" |
A belief in one or more supernatural deities.
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[Religion]
Define "Secularization" |
The rise in science, technology, and rational thought that is steadily replacing religious thinking.
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[Religion]
Describe the "Religious Economy" |
Religions can be understood as organizations in competition with one another for followers.
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[Religion]
Define "Churches" |
Large, established religious bodies.
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[Religion]
Define "Sects" |
Smaller than churches; less organized groups of committed believers usually set up in protest against an established church.
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[Religion]
Define "Cults" |
The most loosely knit and transient of all religious organizations. They are a form of religious innovation rather than revival.
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[Religion]
Define "World-Affirming Movements" |
"World-affirming movements" are more like self-help or therapy groups rather than conventional religious groups.
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[Religion]
Define "Civil Religion" |
A set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality.
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[Religion]
Define "Evangelicalism" |
The belief in spiritual rebirth.
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[Religion]
Define "Fundamentalists" |
Evangelicals (those who believe in spiritual rebirth) who are antimodern.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Deviance" |
Nonconformity to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number in a community or society.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Norms" |
Principles to rules people are expected to observe; the do's and dont's of a society.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Sanction" |
Any reaction from others that is meant to ensure that a person or group complies with a given norm.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Laws" |
Norms defined by governments as principles that their society must follow.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Crimes" |
Any kind of behavior that breaks a law.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Psychopaths" |
Withdrawn, emotionless characters who delight in violence for its own sake.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Describe the term "Anomie" |
The notion of "anomie" was introduced by Émile Durkheim, who suggested that in modern societies traditional norms and standards become undermined without being replaced by new ones. Anomie exists when there are no clear standards to guide behavior in a given area of social life. Under such circumstances, Durkheim believed, people feel disoriented and anxious; anomie therefor influences dispositions to suicide.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Primary Deviation" |
The initial act of transgression.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Secondary Deviation" |
"Secondary deviation" occurs when an individual accepts the labeling of themselves by someone else as a person who would commit certain crimes.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Describe "Control Theory" |
"Control theory" posits that crime results from an imbalance between impulses towards criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it. Control theory assumes that people act rationally and that, given the opportunity, everyone would engage in deviant acts.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "White-collar Crime" |
Crime performed by affluent people--those of the upper class.
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[Crime and Deviance]
Define "Corporate Crime" |
Offenses committed by large businesses.
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