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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the "polymerase chain reaction" (PCR) technique?
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A.
a technique that incorporates repeated cycles of heating and cooling of DNA segments in the presence enzymes B. an elegant chemical technique that utilizes the natural ability of DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA that is complementary to the parent DNA fragments C. a technique that allows investigators to produce many copies of a nucleotide sequence D. a technique that has led to the development of genetic screening tests of newborns for genetic disease (e.g., cystic fibrosis) once the nucleotide sequence of disease-causing gene is known |
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Explain how STR analysis can identify people.
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STR (short tandem repeat) analysis uses repetitive sequences in non-coding DNA to create a “fingerprint” of an individual.
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Bob has the genotype 12,16 for loci 1. Each answer below provides the genotypes of two individuals for loci 1. Which set of individuals are most likely the parents of Bob?
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A.
12,15 12, 16 B. 11, 16 12,18 C. 14,12 15,16 |
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STR polymorphisms can be used to identify individuals because __________.
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Individuals have different non-coding repetitive sequences
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How does gel electrophoresis work? What does it tell us?
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Gel electrophoresis is a technique that takes advantage of the fact that DNA has an over-all negative charge.DNA samples are placed in wells on a gel platform. An electrical current is run through the gel, pulling the negatively charged DNA toward a positively charged electrode. Small fragments of DNA move relatively easily through the gel, and travel farther down it and closer to the positive charge. Larger fragments of the DNA have a harder time moving through the gel and will therefore remain closer to the wells. DNA is thus separated by size. The different sizes of DNA molecules show up in bands on the gel. This lets us know the specific combination of DNA fragments we have in our sample so that when we compare it to a known sample we can determine matches.
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What are restriction enzymes?
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Enzymes that cleave through a DNA helix wherever they encounter a specific sequence of nucleotides
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Gel electrophoresis is run with the result of a band stopping at 22, and a band stopping at 4. Which DNA fragment is larger?
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The one associated with the 22.
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Which of the following sources of DNA could be used in DNA forensic analysis?
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A.
semen B. saliva C. hair D. blood |
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Ann’s genotype is 5,6 for loci 2. What does this indicate?
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On one of Ann’s chromosomes at the location of loci 2, there is a repeating DNA sequence which repeats 5 times. On the other similar chromosome at loci 2, there are 6 repeats of the same sequence.
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Imagine you are looking at a DNA fingerprint that shows an STR pattern of a mother's DNA and her child's DNA. Will all of the peaks on the STR results showing the child's DNA match those of the mother? Explain.
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No, because the father contributed half of the child's DNA.
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Provide an example of when one would use STR analysis.
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STR analysis can be used to tell us many different things. It can be used to check paternity, to identify a criminal, or to screen for genetic disorders, among other things.
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Gel electrophoresis is used to __________.
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Separate DNA fragments by size
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What is STR?
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Repetition of a specific sequence at specific locations in the genome, it is possible to create a genetic profile of an individual.
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What are introns?
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Segments of DNA that are not needed to create a protein
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What are extrons?
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Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
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What are genes?
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Genes are molecular units of heredity of a living organism.
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What are alleles?
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are the different types of genetic material that code for a specific protein - or gene.
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What is CODIS?
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An electronic database of DNA profiles.
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What does y-chromosome analysis do?
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Y-chromosomes are passed down from biological fathers to their sons. Y-chromosome analysis determines the biological father of a male offspring.
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What does mitochondrial analysis do?
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Determines the birth mother of both male and female offspring.
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What is the Human Genome Project?
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The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains.
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What is LOCI?
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The position on a chromosome where a particular genetic trait resides.
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What is a genotype?
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The genetic makeup of an organism.
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What are restriction enzymes?
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Restriction enzymes are enzymes isolated from bacteria that recognize specific sequences in DNA and then cut the DNA to produce fragments
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What is PCR?
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A method of producing mass quantities of DNA for experimental use.
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