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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The adult ear canal:
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rises upward and forward, then descends to the drum
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The isthmus is:
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where the canal narrows to enter the temporal bone
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The pinna and the external canal together:
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-gather and reinforce acoustical signals;
-with the irregular shape of the auricle, causes increases and decreases at different frequencies as the sound arrives at the ear; -forms a resonating tube |
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The average resonant frequency of the ear canal plus concha is:
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2700 Hz
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The dividing line between the external ear and the middle ear is the:
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tympanic membrane
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The ear canal contains:
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cilia, ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands
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The Vagus Nerve (Xth Cranial) is found:
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along the bottom of the ear canal
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Pars tensa, Pars flaccida, and Umbo are part of the:
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tympanic membrane
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An otoscopic inspection should reveal:
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a view of the pearly white tympanic membrane
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Tragus, intertragal notch, and triangular fossa are part of the:
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pinna
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Atresia refers to:
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a closure of the external auditory canal
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Perforation of the eardrum can be caused by:
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an infection
a fracture of the temporal bone a nearby explosion |
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Name 3 types of hearing loss:
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conductive
central sensorineural |
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Conductive losses may be caused by:
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a prolapsed canal
impacted cerumen |
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Which surgical technique repairs the tympanic membrane?
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myringoplasty
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A cholesteatoma can be described as:
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a pouch of skin filled with epithelial debris
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When an excess of cerumen or a blockage of cerumen is detected, the hearing aid specialist should:
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refer the patient to a physician
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A swollen ear may be caused by:
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eczema
otitis externa dermatitis |
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Tympanosclerosis may be described as:
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calcium deposits
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A tympanic membrane may cause a ________ loss.
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conductive
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Theoretically, the increase in sound pressure provided by the middle ear is structure is about:
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27 dB
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The footplate of the stapes fits into the:
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oval window
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A type "A" tympanogram would indicate:
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normal pressure and compliance
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The difference in area size between the tympanic membrane and the footplate of the stapes increasing the sound pressure at the footplate is:
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the transfer function or aerial ration
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The middle ear cavity contains:
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annular ligament, malleus, stapes and tensor tympani
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The middle ear system is often referred to as:
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an impedance matching transformer
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The middle ear cavity, as a transducer, changes energy from one form to another. The energy change is from:
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acoustic energy to mechanical energy to hydraulic energy
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The middle ear muscles contract, resulting in:
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an acoustic reflex
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The Eustachian tube begins in the lower portion of the tympanic cavity and ends at the:
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nasopharynx
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The Eustachian tube of a child is:
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short, straight, and horizontal
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A cholesteatoma:
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-occurs in the middle ear
-may perforate the ear drum -is usually accompanied by a constant odorous discharge |
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Changes in either stiffness or mass occur when the normal middle ear function is altered by disease or trauma causing:
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a feeling of stuffiness or a complaint of hearing in a barrel
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Otosclerosis:
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-occurs more often in women than men
-occurs more often in Caucasians than other races -appears to be inherited |
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Most dysfunctions of the outer or middle ear cause a:
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conductive loss
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Otitis media may occur with:
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fluid in the middle ear
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A plastic or steel strut replaces the stapes during a:
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stapedectomy
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Treatment for chronic otitis media may include:
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-antibiotics
-inflation of the Eustachian tube -myringoplasty |
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A radical mastiodectomy includes removal of:
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ossicular chain, mastoid
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The ossicular chain is supported and suspended by:
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stapedius, tensor tympani, and ligaments
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The ear, due to its physical characteristics, enhances which frequencies?
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2,000-5,000 Hz
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In a cross section of the cochlea, the minimum number of rows of hair cells you can see is:
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4
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The total number of neural fibers or neurons in the human auditory nerve is about:
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30,000
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The basilar membrane separates:
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the scala media and the scala tympani
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The scala tympani is filled with:
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perilymph
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The base of the cochlea:
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begins at the oval window
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The fibers of the auditory nerve, at the point of maximum stimulation of the basilar membrane, discharge and recover at a rate of approximately:
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up to 1Khz identical to the stimulus frequency
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The cochlea, acting as a frequency analyzer, distributes acoustic stimuli to places along the basilar membranes according to frequency. This forms the basis of a hypothesis called the:
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place theory
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Each of the semi-circular canals:
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-are oriented at 90 degrees to one another
-contain perilymph and endolymph -detect positioning and balance |
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Collections of nerve fibers are called:
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ganglia and neuclei
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Afferent fibers:
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transmit from the cochlea to the brain
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Which of the following is a result of tissue and structure damage?
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-a threshold shift
-distortion of perception of frequencies -disturbance of perception of loudness |
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A sensorineural hearing loss is due to a disorder in the:
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inner ear
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A symptom of recruitment is:
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intolerance for loud sounds
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Malingering is a category of:
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non-organic loss
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Meniere's syndrome consists of:
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tinnitus, vertigo and hearing loss
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An organic disorder is when there is damage to:
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-the hearing mechanism
-the neural pathways -the brain |
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Loudness recruitment:
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refers to abnormal loudness growth of clients with sensorineural hearing
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Tinnitus is:
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often managed by hearing instruments or tinnitus maskers
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A characteristic of a conductive loss is:
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a soft spoken patient
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Which is NOT a characteristic of a sensorineural loss?
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hearing better in noise than in quiet
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A dial on the audiometer to control the decibels of output is called:
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a hearing level dial or an attenuator dial
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Audiometric zero for pure tones is higher than the standard reference level by about:
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differs at each frequency
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ANSI letters stand for:
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American National Standards Institute
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The audiometer is designed so that zero on the attenuator dial:
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represents the level of normal hearing for the frequency
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By air conduction, sound energy changes forms in which manner:
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acoustic energy, mechanical energy, hydraulic energy, electrical energy to chemical energy
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The normal ear responds to a range of frequencies from:
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20-20,000 Hz
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Sound waves, during bone conduction. transmit from the:
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skull to the cochlea
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What describes a Phon?
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A unit of measurement when comparing the loudness of one frequency to another frequency
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Routine hearing testing should be performed:
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in a sound controlled environment
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Audiometric zero is:
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-0 dB Hearing Level
-0 dB HL -the level where normal ears can hear at every frequency |
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In Pure Tone testing, threshold means:
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the lowest intensity the client hears 50% of the time
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What is the meaning of 40 dB threshold re: audiometric zero, at 500 Hz
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subject could barely hear a 500 Hz tone at 40 dB about 50% of the time
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The problems produced by excessive ambient noise are:
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greater for lower frequencies than higher frequencies
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Before testing is done:
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the client's ears should be carefully examined using an otoscope
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The descending technique in pure tone audiometry is preferred because it:
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is easier to hear when a sounds stops than when it begins
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Begin testing with the 1000 Hz tone because it:
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has good re-test reliability
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The symbols used in the audiogram for air conduction are:
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uniform worldwide
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Individuals with a noise induced hearing impairment can have a 'V' notch at which frequency?
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3000 Hz
4000 Hz 6000 Hz |
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The loss of acoustic energy as it travels from the test ear to the non-test ear is a definition of:
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interaural attenuation
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To begin testing for air or bone conduction thresholds, tests should begin at which frequency?
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1000 Hz
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If the inner and outer ear parts are normal:
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Air thresholds will equal the bone thresholds
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In bone conduction testing, the receiver should be:
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Placed at the most sensitive spot on the mastoid of the test ear
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Sounds from the bone conduction receiver may stimulate the non-test ear at:
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10 dB or elss
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A source of information that helps to identify which ear is responding to bone conduction stimuli is:
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-Tympanometry
-Acoustic reflex testing -Bone conduction with masking |
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Bone conduction testing directly stimulates:
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The cochlea
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Most conductive losses:
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-Are medically correctable
-Display a breakdown or obstruction in the middle ear -Display good discrimination |
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Ambient noise in the environment during bone conduction testing will:
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Affect the test results in the lower frequencies
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During the testing process, it is best to test bone conduction:
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After air conduction testing
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A conductive loss may be caused by:
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-Perforations of the tympanic membrane
-Immobile middle ear ossicles -Otitis media |
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Bone conduction thresholds worse than air conduction thresholds may be caused by:
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-Poor placement of the vibrator
-A skull fracture -Thickness of the skull |
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Sound being presented to one ear and then routed to the opposite ear is known as:
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-Cross hearing
-Shadow hearing -Transcranial hearing |
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When the better ear ‘answers’ for the poorer ear what occurs?
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Shadow curve
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Which noise is best for masking during pure tone air and bone conduction testing?
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Narrow band noise
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4. Effective masking may be described as:
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-An increased masking noise that does not shift the threshold tone
-A formula method to determine how much masking noise is appropriate -A psychoacoustic method like the one proposed by Hood |
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Masking is performed during air conduction testing when:
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-A 40 dB or more difference occurs between the air conduction threshold of the better ear and the poorer ear
-A 40 dB or more difference occurs between the air conduction threshold of the poorer ear and the bone conduction threshold of the better ear |
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Masking is performed during bone conduction testing whenever:
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A 15 dB or more difference occurs between the obtained bone conduction threshold of the better ear and the obtained air conduction threshold of the poorer ear
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The occlusion effect occurs during:
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Bone conduction testing causing thresholds to shift due to headphones being placed over the ear
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A masking dilemma occurs when:
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-It is impossible to mask
-The patient displays a bilateral conductive loss -Masking can not be completed due to overmasking |
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Undermasking is defined as:
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Occurring more often during air conduction testing
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Central masking can affect a threshold by:
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5 dB
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In a sensorineural hearing loss, air conduction thresholds are:
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The same as bone conduction thresholds
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An air-bone gap means the:
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Air conduction thresholds are worse than bone conduction thresholds
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A sensorineural component is the different between:
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BC thresholds and the range of normal hearing
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A pure conductive loss shows:
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All bone conduction thresholds within normal limits
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In a purely conductive loss:
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Sound is reduced before its arrival at the inner ear
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A mixed loss exhibits:
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-A sensorineural component
-A conductive component |
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An audiogram with less loss at high and low frequencies than the middle frequencies region is classified as a:
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Trough-shaped curve
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Pure Tone Average estimates:
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SRT
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To calculate PTA in a hearing loss when thresholds drop 15-20 dB or more at any or all frequencies:
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Add the 2 frequencies with the least loss and divide by 2
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PTA describes the following audiogram classification fairly accurately:
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-Flat loss
-Fragmentary audiogram |
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Although pure tones sound artificial to us, they have the advantage of:
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Measuring a specific frequency without involvement of other frequencies
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Speech Reception Threshold:
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Is a level above SDT by about 8-10 dB
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Dynamic Range is the usable range of hearing between:
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SRT and UCL
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The Most Comfortable Level is:
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-About 65 dB SPL for normal ears
-About 45 dB HL for normal ears -The range of comfortable loudness |
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The range between threshold and MCL:
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Differs at each frequency
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A patient with a conductive loss has:
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The same dynamic range as normal ears
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When patients have a sensorineural loss, MCL:
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Retains a relationship with the lower boundary
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Recruitment is:
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Common in patients with cochlear losses
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When a patient has normal pure tone thresholds of 0 dB HL across frequencies, it is difficult to accurately measure:
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SAT
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When a patient has a large conductive component, it is difficult to accurately measure:
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UCL
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Speech discrimination tests:
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Approximate a sample of speech sounds in an ordinary conversation
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The patient has pure tone air conduction thresholds of 40 dB HL at each frequency. If the patient has a conductive hearing loss, his MCL would be approximately:
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80 dB HL or above
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Discriminating complex sounds depend on:
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Timbre
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In a complex sound, the fundamental frequency is the:
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Loudest frequency
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We recognize the different vowel sounds because of variation in:
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Timbre
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A formant is:
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A concentration of energy around certain frequencies
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The most important energy for recognizing speech sounds are:
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Second and third formants
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The upward spread of masking occurs when:
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A low frequency sound masks out a high frequency sound
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Masking is required for discrimination tests when:
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Masking was used for air conduction tests
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Binaural testing:
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Helps decide which ear to fit
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Tympanometry identifies:
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A measure of the dynamic compliance of the TM
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By convention, the range of pressures exerted in tympanometry range from:
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+200mm (H20) to -200mm (H20)
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The tympanogram measures:
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The intensity of the sound in the cavity between the probe tip and the TM
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The point of the maximum compliance in a tympanogram represents:
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The point at which the pressure exerted through the probe tip exactly matches the pressure within the
middle ear |
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A “0” mm (H20) pressure reading means:
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That no pressure is being exerted on the TM
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Figure 14-3 represents what “Type” of tympanogram?
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Type A
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Figure 14-6 represents what “Type” of tympanogram?
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Type B
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Figure 14-7 represents what “Type” of tympanogram?
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Type C
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The configuration and height of the tympanogram can be a factor in deciding the proper matrix for the
fitting of a hearing aid: |
A high Type A tells us to decrease the output by 2-3 dB
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Tympanometry is effective in identifying:
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-Middle ear pathologies
-Cochlear pathologies -VIIth Cranial nerve pathologies |