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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Serous membrane containing abdominal organs
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Peritoneum
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Divisions of the peritoneum
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Parietal, Visceral
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Tissue layers of the alimentary canal
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Serosa (epithelium + connective tissue), muscularis extrema (outer longitudinal, inner circular), mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae), submucosa, lumen
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Locations in the alimentary canal where one would expect to find muscle
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Intestinal wall
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Food pathway through the alimentary canal (consecutive regions)
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Oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, ileum, jejunum), large intestine (colon,rectum, anal canal)
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Make-up of mucosa layer of alimentary canal
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Epithelium
Lamina propria Musclaris mucosae |
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Make-up of submucosa layer
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Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibres. Contains glands.
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Orientation of smooth muscle cells in muscularis extrema
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Outer longitudinal runs along alimentary canal, wheres inner circular runs around it.
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Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
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Occurs by cytoskeletal interaction (innervated by ANS)
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Innervation of the tissue layers of the alimentary canal -- Nerve plexuses
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Myenteric nerve plexus induces peristalsis, segmentation (between the longitudina and circular layers of the muscularis extrema)
Submucosal nerve plexus in the submucosa induces secretion |
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Mesentery -- definition and function
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Peritoneal double-layer anchors organs, stores fat, and guides vessels/nerves
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Lesser omentum
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Attaches to lesser curvature of the stomach
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Greater omentum
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As "fatty apron" on greater curvature of stomach
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Oral cavity (mouth and related accessory structures) -- histology
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stratifies squamous
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Lips formed from
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Orbicularis orbis muscles
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Cheeks formed from
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Buccinator muscles
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Labial frenulum -- function
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Connects lips to gum
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Tongue -- tissue makeup
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Interlacing fascicles of skeletal muscle
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Lingual frenulum
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Secures tongue to floor of mouth
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Filiform differ from fungiform and circumvallate papillae in that they...(also, note location)
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Do not have tastebuds. All three types found on surface of the tongue
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Refer to page 32 of digestive system notes for superior view of oral cavity
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...
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Crown, neck and root of tooth designated by relation to
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The gums
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From superficial to deep, the layers of the tooth are
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Enamel/peridontal ligament, dentin (with dentinal tubules), pulp cavity/root canal
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Which are the salivary glands and what do they do
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Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands produce saliva
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Parotid glands -- location, histology
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Anterior to the ear. Contains parotid duct is parallel to the zygomatic arch, contains serous cells
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Submandibular glands -- location
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Along medial surface of mandible
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Sublingual glands - location, histology
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Floor of oral cavity; primarily made up of mucous cells
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Pharynx -- location, function, histology
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Between oral cavity and esophagus; serves as an air/food passageway; muscle layer (consisting of superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors) lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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Esophagus -- noteworthy characteristics
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Muscular tube, beginning as continuation of pharynx and ending at cardiac sphincter (prevents stomach fluid from entering esophagus
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Esophagus -- layers, histology
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Stratified squamous epithelium, mucous glands (mucosa contains the stratified squamous and submucosa of areolar connective tissue when empty) -- other layers: muscularis externa (for first third), adventitia
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Stomach -- function
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Food churning to chyme, protein digestion begins (pepsin)
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Stomach -- noteworthy features
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Oblique muscle layer deep to circular muscularis externa, rugae (folds) in mucosa, contains cardiac and pyloric sphincters are entrance, exit
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Stomach -- microscopic anatomy/histology
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Simple squamous epithelium; mucosa has gastric pits, which glands deep to these pits
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Type of gastric glands
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Mucous neck cells - mucous secretion
Parietal (oxyntic) cells - secrete gastric intrinsic factor and HCl Chief (zymogenic) cells - secrete pepsinogen |
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Duodenum -- general functions
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Receives main digestive enzymes, bile -- fed by main pancreatic and bile ducts
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Features of duodenum that increase surface area
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Circular folds of mucosa, submucosa
Villi (covered in simple columnar) Microvilli |
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Small intestine -- histology
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Absorptive cells
Goblet cells Enteroendocrine cells Intestinal crypts |
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Goblet cells of the small intestine function to
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Secrete mucous to lubricate chyme
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Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine function to
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Secrete hormones
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Intestinal crypts of the small intestine (what are they and what do they do?)
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Epithelial cells that secrete intestinal juices
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Large intestine function
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Water/electrolyte absorption, peristalsis to move feces to rectum
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Teniae coli
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Thickening of muscularis in large intestine
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Haustra
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Puckering of large intestine created by teniae coli
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Epiploic appendages
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Fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum (related to large intestine)
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Cecum
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Pouch -- beginning of large intestine
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Vermiform appendix
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Large intestinal structure containing lymphoid tissue; functions to neutralize pathogens
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Stratified squamous epithelium can be found along the alimentary canal at
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Oral cavity, anal canal
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Histology of the large intestine
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Simple columnar, except at anal canal = stratified squamous
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Functions of hepatocytes
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Blood protein manufacture (rough ER)
Bile salt production, dextoxification (smooth ER) Detoxification (peroxisomes) Sugar storage (glycosomes) |
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Kupffer cells (location, function)
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Liver, bacteria destruction
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Function of bile
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Fat emulsification
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