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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Give an example of 3 Canine Yeast Infections and where they affect
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1) Malasezzia pachydermatitis (superficial, skin)
2) Candida albicans (cutaneous/mucous membrane) 3) Cryptococcus neoformans (skin, systemic, rare, severe) |
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What are the 3 groups of Fungi?
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Yeasts, Filamentous and Dimorphic
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What is Dermatophytosis?
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Infection of the hair, claw or stratum corneum with a fungus of the genera:
Microsporum Trichophyton Epidermophyton |
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Dermatophytes:
Which species primarily affects cats? Which species primarily affects cattle? Which species are adapted for infection of horses? |
Cats - M. canis
Cattle - T.verrucosum Horses - T.equinum, M.gypseum, M.canis |
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Describe a Dermatophytosis culture
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- Use Sabourand's Dextrose Agar (with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol)
- Incabate at 26 degrees for up to 4 wks - Assess colony plus microscopic features - Add test medium (phenol red indicator). The dermatophytes utilise protein causing alkaline metabolites and a red colour. - Early colour change plus white colony suggests dermatophyte |
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How would you treat Dermatophytosis?
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Usually self-limiting, should treat as zoonotic and reduces enviroment contaimination
- Clip hair around lesion (total body if severe) - Systemic antifungal (Griseofulvin and Itraconazole) - Topical therapy to reduce environmental contamination (Enilconazole, Malaseb) - Monitor treatment with repeat cultures |
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What are the clinical signs of Malassezia Dermatitis?
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- Pruritus
- Erythema +/- papules - Scaling - Greasy Exudation - Hyperpigmentation/lichenification - Malodour |
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What are the complications when diagnosing Malassezia Dermatitis?
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It can mimic or complicate existing disease such as:
- Allergy - Ectoparasite infestations - Keratinisation defects Antibacterial thereapy may also be needed for secondary bacterial infection. |
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How can you assess skin Malassezia populations?
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Cytology:
- Tape strip - Direct impression - Skin Scraping Culture: - Swab - Contact plate - Detergent scrub |
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How do you treat Malassezia?
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- Malaseb (2%miconazole, 2% chlorohexidine)
- Systemic ketoconazole is effective but expensive - not licensed in UK |
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Whats the difference between Hyperkeratosis and Hyperplasia?
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Hyperkeratosis is an increase in the Stratum Corneum (causes a scale)
Hyperplasia is an increase in the Stratum Spinosum (thickening of living cell layer) |
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What is the difference between Folliculitis and Furunculosis?
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Folliculitis is inflammation of the follicle
Furunculosis is inflammation and destruction of the follicule |
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What is Urticaria?
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Multiple wheals (hives). Circumscribed raised lesions caused by dermal oedema
Mast Cell = Principle effector cell |
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How would you diagnose and treat Food Hypersensitivity?
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Diagnose - response to restricted diet and relapse on old diet (intradermal and serological tests virtually useless)
Treat - Allergen avoidance, treat secondary complications, Glucocorticoids if allergen avoidance not possible |
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What is Atopy?
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- Inherited predisposition for hyper-reactive inflammatory response
- Characterised by specific imunologic abnormalities |
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What is Erythema?
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Redness or rash of the skin
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What is Demodecosis and in what species is it common?
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An inflammatory parasitic skin disease characterised by the presence of larger than normal numbers of demodectic mites.
It is common in the dog, rare in the cat and very rare in horses |
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What is Chorioptic Mange?
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Common cause of dermatitis in horses, surface feeders, adults survive off host for 70ds, worse in cold weather, feathered horses predisposed, pastern dermatitis
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What are the different types of Pyoderma?
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Surface:
- Hot spot - Intertrigo (skin folds) - Mucocutaneous pyoderma - Bacterial overgrowth Superficial: - Impetigo (puppies) - Folliculitis/supf pyoderma Deep - Furunculosis - Acne (chin) - Bacterial granuloma |
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What is pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Hotspot, acute, moist, dermatitis.
can be painful, disruption of stratum corneum, often large breeds, underlying pruritic problem |
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How do you treat pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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- Topical antibacterial
- Anti-inflammatory depending on severity (topical/systemic glucocorticoids) - treat/correct underlying causes!! |
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What is impetigo?
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Pustules in interfollicular epidermis, young dogs are affected, ventral abdomen, often responds to topical therapy alone
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What is Canine Superficial Pyoderma?
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Infection of the superficial portion of the hair folliculle
90% pseudintermedius Often recurrent and pruritic, typically ventral abdomen and trunk |
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How long should you continue to treat pyoderma for?
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Superficial - approximately 3wks, or 1 week beyond complete clinical cure
Deep - 4-6wks or 2wks beyond complete clinical cure For both, until underlying trigger has been addressed |
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What should never be used in the treatment of deep pyoderma?
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Glucocorticoids!!!!
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How do Pyrethroids work?
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Insecticide derived from extracts ofd chrysanthemum flowers.
repellant + knockdown effect, pre-synaptic inhibition and inactivation of Na+ channels, hyperexcitation and paralysis, only short time activity, arthropod recovery is possible, light instable - no environmental persistence |
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How do Nicotinoids work?
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Imidacloprid
Binding to the post synaptic nicotinergic acetylcholine-receptors and thereby causing blockage of the transmission. Interferes with neural impulse transmission, causes paralysis |
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How do phenylpyrazoles work?
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Acts on the GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS of arthropods. This causes hyperpolarisation of neurons and inhibition of the action potentials. Hyperexcitation and paralysis
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How do Macrocyclic Lactones work?
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Affects GABA dependant chlorid-ion channels in cell membranes. Increased permeabiliity of the cell membranes for chlorid ions - flacid paralysis
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Which kills fleas fastest out of Fipronil (frontline), Selamectin (stronghold), Imidacloprid (advantage) or Nitenpyram (capstar)
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Nitenpyram - 100% of fleas dead within 3 hrs, all others under 40% dead in 3 hrs
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When can organophosphates and carbamates be toxic?
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Amplitude - always body-weight dependant dosification
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When can pyrethroids be toxic?
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Acute toxicity in warm bloods low - exception is permethrine in cats!!
Always toxic for bees and fishes |
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When can Amitraz be toxic?
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Always toxic for fishes
Not to be used in Chihuahuas and cats |
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When can Macrocyclic Lactones be toxic?
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Ivermectin in collies due to MDR1 mutation - ivermectin enters CNS - effects mammalian GABA Cl channels
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What are Entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes?
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Fungi and Nematodes that parasitise insects
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Which hormones regulate hair growth?
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Thyroid hormone
Glucocorticoids Sex Hormones IGF-1 Prolactin Melatonin |
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What is hypotrichosis?
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Either
a) Congenital alopecia b) Insufficient amount of hair |
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What causes inflammatory alopecia?
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Folliculitis caused by:
- Infection (common) - Parasitic (demodex!) - Bacterial (staphylococci) - Fungal (dermatophytes) Sterile Folliculitis is rare |
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What causes non-inflammatory alopecia?
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Hair follicule structure/function problems
Endocrinopathies - Coat colour-linked -Miscellaneous hair cycle/growth problems - Other (rare) |
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What are the most common causes of alopecia presenting in general practice?
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1) Traumatic removal of hair
2) Inflammatory (demodecosis, staph folliculitis, dermatophytosis) 3) Malformed/dystrophic/dysplastic or atrophic hair follicules 4) Hair cycle arrest (endocrine) |
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What is a nodule?
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Round solid elevation of the skin more than 1cm in diameter
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What is Botryomycosis?
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Bacterial granuloma (staphylococcal pseudomycetoma). Not fungal! Creates nodules/non-healing wound, may be grains/granules in exudate, site of trauma in some cases
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What is Phaeohyphomycosis?
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Dark yeast-like cells, or pseudohyphae and hyphae or any combienation of these.
Cutaneous/subcutaneous/systemic Usually traumatic implantation - generally low virulence, opportunists |
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What causes Wheals?
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Inflammtory process:
- Vasoactive mediator release - Vessel permeability/pressures - Mast cells often involved - Allergic and non-allergic mechanisms |
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What is Amyloidosis?
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A rare dx of skin and URT mucosa:
- Multiple, firm nodules erupt -5mm to 10cm - No pain or pruritis - Biopsy; granulomatous and amyloid - No effective therapy |
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What are vesicles?
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Elevations of skin, less than 1cm diamter, contain clear fluid, rare lesions (thin epidermis) transient, progress to ulcers/erosion
Think FMD |
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What are the clinical signs of Feline poxvirus infection?
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-Small ulcer or cellulitis on face or limb
- 7/10d later widespread lesions -erythematous nodules -vesicles, crusts, ulcers - occasionally pneumonia |
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How would you diagnose and treat Feline Poxvirus Infection?
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Diagnose
- EM on crusts, virus isolation, serology, histopathology Therapy - No specific therapy, resolves in 4-6wks (healthy cats), avoid steroids, hygiene important as zoonosis! |
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What is the most common skin tumour found in dogs?
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Hepatoid gland adenoma (27%)
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What is the most common skin tumour found in cats?
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Basal cell tumour (34%)
then squamous cell carcinoma (23%) |
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What is lichenification?
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An accentuation of the normal superficial skin markings
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What is a macule?
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a flat circumscribed area of change in skin colour <1cm in diameter
(A patch is above 1cm in diameter) |
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What is the difference between Autoimmune disease and Immune-mediated disease?
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Autoimmune Disease:
An immune response directed against host (self) antigens leading to disease Immune-mediated disease: Mediated by immune system, with response directed against self antigens not shown |
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What is Pemphigus Foliaceus?
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An intradermal pustular disease caused by an autoimmune attack on desmosomes. Causes acantholysis, pustules and crusts. Usually face/neck/feet or whole body
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What is Pemphigus Vulgaris?
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Intraepidermal vesicular dermatitis
Very rare, affects mucous membranes and skin, causes erosions and ulcers. Suprabasilar clefting due to acantholysis |
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What is Dermatophilosis?
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One of the most important skin infectionis in horses
Caused by dermatophilus congolensis causes exudate, matted hair, alopecia, paint-brush on the dorsum or limbs (greasy heal, mud fever, race horses on cannons) |
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What does papillomavirus present as in horses?
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- Hyperkeratotic Aural plaques
- Concave aspect of the pinnae - Common in yearling and older - often persist - Simulium spp is a vector |
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What is Systemic granulomatous disease and chronic eosinophilic enteritis?
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involves Skin and GIT - grave prognosis (spontainious recovery described). known as equine sarcoidosis "wasting" disease. Aetiology is unknown. Treatment is change feed and systemic GC for months
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What causes photo-induced.influenced skin disease?
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Photosensitisation = UV+ poorly pigmented skin + photodynamic agent in skin (e.g. St Johns Wort/liver disease)
Leucocytoclastic vasculitis = nonpigmented lower limbs, acute onset erythema, oozing, crusting, pain, immunosupressive therapy |
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Why are glucocorticoids better at supressing inflammation than NSAIDs?
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- Suppress T-lymphoctye functions
- Inhibit monocyte-macrophage activities - Supress fibroblast functions and collagen deposition - Reduce histamine release from mast cells - Decreased synthesis of lymphokines (decreased release of proteases) |
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Which species is frontline contraindicated in?
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Rabbits (lagomorphs)
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How do you treat ectoparasites in rabbits?
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Ivermectin weekly for 3 wks
Selamectin |
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How do you treat ectoparasites in Guinea Pigs?
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Fipronil spray, Selamectin spot on (seleen shampoo)
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What is Trixacarus Caviae?
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Guinea pig mange mite.
A burrowing mite, pruritis can be intense, starts on neck/dorsum/trunk, latency period is over a year Care when handling - convulsions and death reported Therapy - Ivermectin inj, selamectin spot on, Vit C |
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How can you treat ectoparasites in Ferrets?
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Fipronil spray, imidacloprid, selamectin, ivermectin inj
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What are the 4 main lice found on cattle?
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Bovicola bovis (chewing)
Linognathus vituli (sucking) Haematopinus eurysternus (sucking) Solenopotes capillatus (sucking) |
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What is the economic significance of cattle lice?
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- Small if any effect on liveweight change (some affected more)
- Cause light spot and fleck, a blemish visible on hide of cattle, downgrades value of leather, costs industry 20mil/yr |
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What are the 4 main mites found on cattle?
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Sarcoptes scabiei (burrowing)
Chorioptes bovis Demodex bovis Psoroptes ovis |
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What are the 2 main lice found on sheep?
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Bovicola ovis (Chewing)
Linognathus ovillus (Sucking) |
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What are the 5 main mites found on sheep?
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Sarcoptes scabiei
Demodex ovis Psorobia ovis Chorioptes bovis Psoroptes ovis |
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What are the clinical signs of Psoroptic mange (Sheep scab)?
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- Pustules, then spreading moist lesions
- Fleece becomes matted - Extreme pruritus - Can become very extensive - mites visible with naked eyes, just - If severe, sheep become thin and may die |
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What is the treament for Sheep Scab?
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Plunge dipping in OP solution (treatment time must be 1min, heads dipped twice, dip is not heavily fouled, strength must be adequate)
Macrocyclic Lactones by injection |
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Which lice can pigs get?
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Only haematopinus suis, very large and can transmit african swine fever+swine pox.
Treat with OPs twice at 14d intervals |
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What are the clinical signs of Dermatophilosis in farm animals?
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Lumpy wool in sheep (rarely affects cattle)
produces crusts of varying thickness on wooled/haired skin follows wet weather Lesions painful when lifted rows of Gr+ cocci (railroad tracks) on smears Treat by bringing animals out of wet environement, systemic ABs + topical (chlorhexidine scrubs) |