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29 Cards in this Set
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McCullough (2005)
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Found a considerable amount of overlap in symptoms, responses to treatment and other variables. This makes it difficult to justify distinct types of depression.
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Zanarini (2000)
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1 in 5 doctors disagree about a diagnosis of depression.
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Keller et al. (1995)
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Interviewed 524 depressed individuals.Each was interviewed again 6 months later. It was found that the test-retest reliability was only poor to fair.
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Karasz (2005)
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South African Americans in NYC see depression as a social and moral issue. Americans argued that it was a biological condition that should be treated by drugs.
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Harrington et al. (1993)
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The risk of depression is 20% for first degree relatives of those with depression, compared to 10% for the general population.
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Wendler et al. (1986)
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There are signifiantly higher rates of depression among the biological families of depressed individuals than among their adoptive families.
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Kendler et al. (1992)
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Link to diagnosis issues. If you look at concordance rates of depression AND generalised anxiety disorder in twins, the rate is much higher.
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Kendler et al. (1995)
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Link to sociocultural explanations. Women with a depressed twin are more likely to become depressed, especially if exposed to significant life events. Genetic vulnerability?
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Zhang et al. (2006)
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A mutant gene that results in serotonin depletion is 10 times more likely in those with depression. Link from genes to neurotransmitter dysfunction.
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McNeal and Cimbolic (1986)
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Found reduced levels of a major serotonin by-product in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed individuals.
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Delgado et al. (1990)
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A low tryptophan diet led to the return of depression in the majority of patients.
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Ruhe et al. (2007)
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Individuals with no history of depression show no mood changes in response to tryptophan depletion.
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Barnes and Prosen (1985), Bifulco (1992)
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Individuals who lose a parent in childhood are more likely than other children to experience depression in later life.
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Paykel and Cooper (1992)
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Only 10% of those who experienced early loss later became depressed.
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Brown and Harris (1978)
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Depressive episodes in women in London were almost always preceded by a major life event.
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Hammen and Krantz (1976)
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Depressed women made more errors in a logic test than non-depressed participants.
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Joiner et al. (1992)
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Depressed people have poor social skills.
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Butler and Beck (2000)
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Conducted a meta-analysis and found that 80% of individuals benefited from CBT.
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Barbui et al. (2008)
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SSRIs increase suicide attempts in adolescents, but reduce attempts in adults and the elderly.
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Kirsch et al. (2008)
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SSRIs are only effective in the most severe cases of depression.
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Geller et al. (1992)
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Fails to demonstrate the superiority of antidepressants over a placebo.
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Datto (2000)
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The side-effects of ECT include memory loss and headaches.
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Sackeim et al. (2000)
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The side-effects of ECT are reduced in unilateral treatment.
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Rapoport et al. (1998)
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Conducted a case study on a severely depressed woman. She showed a significant improvement after ECT and no suicidal thoughts. Her Beck score went from 30 to 7, and four months later was functioning normally.
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Mulsant et al. (1991)
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Conducted a meta-analysis. There was an 83% improvement when ECT was used in elderly patients.
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Elkin et al. (1985)
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CBT is not appropriate for those with high levels of dysfunctional beliefs.
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Barkham et al. (1996)
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After 12 months, those treated with PIT showed a tendency for symptoms to reoccur.
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Horvath and Bedi (2002)
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The quality of the relationship between therapist and client in PIT is a central determinant of the outcome of therapy.
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Paley et al. (2008)
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Outcomes of PIT are at least equivalent to those achieved by CBT.
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