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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name 4 types of leukemias:
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1. acute lymphocytic leukemia
2. chronic lymphocytic leukemia 3. acute myelogenous leukemia 4. chronic myelogenous leukemia |
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leukemia:
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-abnormal overproduction of a specific cell type (WBC)but they are not fuctional
-accumulation in marrow hinder normal blood cell production -inhibits normal RBC production therefore pts are anemic -acute or chronic |
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What is the survival rate in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia?
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93%, poorer in adults
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia:
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-rarest of major leukemia groups
-initially in nodes, later bone marrow -mainly >50 yrs (insidious onset) -prognosis is ultimately poor |
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T/F - Surgery is a common treatment for leukemia.
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False, surgery is not an option with this disease.
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acute myelogenous leukemia:
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-primarily granulocytes
-rare in adolescence, rising incidence middle age to 8th and 9th decades |
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chronic myelogenous leukemia:
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-onset and progression insidious
-70% undergo acute transformation (not amendable to chemotherapy) -death within months -peak incidence is age 25-60 |
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Etiology of leukemia:
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-cause of gene damage is not known
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What causes an increase in risk for leukemia?
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marrow hypoplasia
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thrombocytopenia:
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-count of <20,000
-causes petechiae, bleeding gums, hematuria |
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hematuria:
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blood in urine
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leukopenia:
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-decrease in WBC count, primarily neutrophils
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acute lymphocytic leukemia:
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-immature cells that are not fuctional
-predominantly in children -most common malignancy in children |
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What are the 3 main categories of leukemia?
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mylocytic (neutrophils), monocytic (monocytes), lymphatic (lymphocytes)
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What are the risk factors of leukemia?
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1. radiation
2. chemicals 3. drugs 4. genetic factors 5. viral factors |
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What caues an increase in risk for leukemia?
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marrow hypoplasia
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thrombocytopenia:
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-count of <20,000
-causes petechiae, bleeding gums, hematuria |
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hematuria:
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blood in urine
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leukopenia:
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-decrease in WBC count, primarily neutrophils
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Symptoms of anemia:
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pallor, fatigue, transfusion, SOB, malaise
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malaise:
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A vague feeling of bodily discomfort, as at the beginning of an illness
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Treatment for leukemia:
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1. combination drugs (initially used)
2. second phase - short duration of treatment (4-5 days) |
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What is the remission time frame for combination therapy?
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75% in adults
80-90% in children |
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What is the remission time frame for second phase treatment?
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2-3 years
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Symptoms of chronic leukemia:
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1. remission is never completely etablished
2. pt needs continuous tx 3. due to blood-brain barrier, intrathecal therapy is used when CNS is involved |
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What drug is a contraindication for leukemia?
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Aspirin
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blood-brain barrier:
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-cell metabolism occurs and goes into bloodstream
-the byproducts also goes to our brain and our body adjusts to this -stops chemicals from going to the brain |
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What are the major effects of leukemia?
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1. decreased RBCs
2. decreased platelets 3. decreased mature WBCs 4. huge risk of infection |
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Manifestations of leukemia:
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1. lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)
2. joint swelling and pain 3. weight loss 4. hepatosplenomegaly (liver and spleen enlargement) 5. CNS involvement |
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What type of diet should a pt with leukemia have?
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-diet high in proteins and calories
-combat weight loss and slowing of growth |
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alopecia:
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Loss of hair, baldness
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Major complications of leukemia:
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1. infection
2. anemia 3. bleeding 4. pain 5. alopecia |
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Hodgkins Disease:
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-proliferation of lymphocytes, not stem cell precursors
-metastisize with lymphatics -painless lymph node enlargement |
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proliferation:
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rapid growth and reproduction of similar cells
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With HD, what percentage of pts have malignant lymphomas?
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40%
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What age group has the most cases (50%)?
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age 20-40, but this disease occurs across all age levels
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What is the cause of HD?
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unknown
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Where does HD originate?
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in the node or chain of nodes
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Systemic effects of HD:
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possible fever, malaise, night sweats, weight loss
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What determines treatment of HD?
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location of the disease in the body; either above or below (inguinal) diaphragm
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Diagnosis of HD entails;
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1. biopsy
2. clinical picture 3. CBC, liver function tests (AP) 4. chest Xray 5. possible radioisotipe studies 6. other approp. biopsies 7. staging laparotomy (operate to det) |
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Treatment for HD:
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radiation, chemotherapy, nutrition
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Non-Hodgkins lymphoma:
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-worse than hodgkins,more common, harder to treat
-most arise from lymph nodes in older adults -extranodal involvement, unpredictable |
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2 Types of Malignant lymphomas:
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Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma
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Hodgkins disease is a specialized form of lymphoma that has the presence of an abnormal cell called a ___.
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Reed-Sternberg cell
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HD vs. NHD
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HD: group of cancers chara by Reed-Sternberg cells that begin as a malignancy in a single lymph node and spreads to other ones.
NHD: a group of heterogenous lymphocytic cancers that are multicentric in origin and spread to various tissues throughout the body, including bone marrow. |
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multiple myeloma:
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-proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow
-disseminates to lymph nodes, liver, spleen and kidneys -age > 40 |
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What protein in urine diagnoses multiple myeloma?
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Bence-Jones protein (abnormal immunoglobulin from plasma cells)
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Manifestations of multiple myeloma:
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1. bone pain
2. slow onset (5-20 yrs) 3. pathological fractures 4. renal insufficiency (hypercalcemia) 5. immunoglobin abnormalities 6. Bence-Jones protein (in blood and urine) 7. x-rays |
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Treatment for multiple myeloma:
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antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents and supportive therapy
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List 3 complications of multiple myeloma:
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1. renal failure
2. need adequate fluid intake 3. infections |
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Name 4 lymphoproliferative disorders:
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1. Leukemia
2. Hodgkin's Disease 3. Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 4. Multiple Myeloma |