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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Norms |
Rules of behaviour that define correct and acceptable behaviour for a social setting |
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Values |
General beliefs on what is right and worth maintaining and working for in society |
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Status |
Persons position in society |
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Culture |
Way of life of a society |
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Roles |
Patterns of behaviour that are expected of people in different positions in society |
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High culture |
Cultural activities enjoyed by the elite or Upper class in society |
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Folk culture |
Used for ordinary people, tradition learnt by word of mouth |
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Popular culture (mass culture) |
Cultural activities and hobbies associated with the masses (pop music, films) |
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Subculture |
Culture enjoyed by a small group within society |
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Cultural diversity |
Lots of different ways of living in a society |
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Multiculturalism |
Society in which different ethnic groups live alongside each other and are able to maintain seperate cultural traditions with an equal status in society |
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Consumer culture |
Shopping is a significant part of day to day life and people's identities are influenced by their products |
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Global culture |
Cultural products and images are increasingly found all over the world (mcdonalds) |
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Nature |
View that natural and biological differences between individuals exist |
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Nurture |
Influence of social factors over natural or biological factors (gendered toys) |
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Primary socialisation |
First start to learn your culture and is associated with your family |
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Secondary socialisation |
Individuals are socialised into society, beyond family influence |
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Formal social control |
Punishments and rewards based on written rules and guidelines |
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Informal social control |
Punishments and rewards not based on written rules and guidelines |
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Socialisation |
Process individuals go through when learning the way of life in a particular society |
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Identity |
How we see ourselves in relation to others |
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Structuralism |
Assumption that actions of humans are structured to the social environment |
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Functionalism |
Interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole society |
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New right |
Family and what they regard as social problems (such as lone parents) |
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Marxism |
Everything in society works in favour of capitalists. They belive it creates inequalities in order order benefit the ruling class |
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Feminism |
Women are disadvantaged compared to men |
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Liberal feminism |
Ability to maintain equality through actions and choices (equal pay) |
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Marxist feminism |
Compare gender and class, women aren't paid for their work in the home |
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Radical feminism |
Male supremacy must be eliminated in all social and economic contexts. They want to abolish the patriarchy by challenging existing norms |
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Difference feminism |
Black feminists who believe there are levels to oppression including race |
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Postmodernist feminism |
Identity and individualism and attempt to reclaim femininity for women |
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Weber |
Marx focused too much on production rather than consumption. Also believed that social mobility is possible |
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Interactionism |
Human behaviour cannot be predicted and the way we respond varies according to situation and context |
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Structure vs agency |
Is our behaviour and therefore our identity constructed by wider structural forces or do we have agency and free will in determining our own identities |
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Cooley (looking glass self) interactionism |
Our self image is shaped by how we think others see us |
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Beckers labelling theory interactionalism |
How people view us is often considered our label, if we internalise it then it becomes our master status |
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Mead |
Mead identifies us as 2 separate parts Me: the social self which is made through interactions I: the action self where acting creatively is allowed |
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Goffman the presentation of self |
Theatre analogy, we are social actors and society is a stage Front stage: work, school, public places Back stage: home or alone |
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Baudrillard |
Identity is shaped by our behaviour as consumers |
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Bauman |
ID is linked to 'liquid modernity' and 'liquid leisure' in that our class, gender ect have an impact on our ID but do not determine it |
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Parsons |
Females have the expressive role in the family and men have the instrumental role in the family |
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Wilson |
Need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous: 'spreading the seed' |
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Bowlby |
Bond between child and mother is innate |
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Bouchard |
Researched identical twins who were raised differently One was Hitler youth One was Jewish There were still striking similarities and mannerisms |
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Sanders |
Individual genes have been identified that may influence how sexual orientation develops in men both in the womb and during life |
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Frosh |
Boys who valued academic success and were committed to work were often seen as more feminine and teased by other students |
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Mac an Ghail |
Boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school policing their own and others sexuality |
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Gauntlett |
Magazines give advice on how to be attractive to people in relation to gender |
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Adkins |
Womens jobs, particularly in the service sector, are based around sexuality |
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Holm |
Women play a subordinate role to men in nearly all regions |
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Oakley |
Describes how children are socialised into their gender identities by their parents in 3 main ways 1: toys 2: nicknames 3: activities such as gendered sports |
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Lees |
Studied female teachers and found that female peer groups place stress on looking 'right' Don't dress too sexy or you'll be labelled as a slag |
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Ansley |
Capitalist society patriarchy benefits the bourgeoisie. Women are takers of **** |
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Wilkinson |
Young people are more confident and assertive and take for granted that they can choose their own lifestyles |
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Connel |
Range of masculine identities in the UK Hegemonic masculinity-hench/strong Complicit masculinity-feelings Subordinate masculinity-homosexuals Marginalised masculinity-crisis of masculinity |
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Abbot |
Big shifts in fashion of young men Keen interest in personal appearance Pleasure through traditionally female focus on how they look |
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Sharpe |
1970s-girl focus was marriage and children 1990s-girl focus was education and career |
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Jackson |
Ladettes Girls are anti school and anti education This is to fit in Afraid of trying and failing so simply don't try |
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Mac an ghail |
Decline in male jobs Crisis because men don't know their role anymore |
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Bourdieu |
Levels of economic, cultural and social capital Working class at uni feel like a fish out of water Linked to parents |
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Keddie |
Teachers perception of children and their social class is often linked |
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Karl marx |
Religion maintains class inequality Reinforces and justifies hierarchy and is used to distract the working class from their oppression |
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Mac an ghail |
Identified peer groups in a school Based around social classes |
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Feinstein |
Middle class parents place more emphasis on the importance of education than working class parents do |
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Wilmot and young |
Working class families value family life more than middle class families |
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Bruce |
Women tend to be more spiritual than men. Working class-fortune telling, superstition, astrology, charms ect Middle class-self healing, meditation, Buddhism, scientology |
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Mooney |
Invisibility of the upper class Social closure Seperate to the rest of the population |
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Marxism |
Bourgeoisie and proletariat affact your life chances Bourgeoisie exploit proletariat Class is crucial in determining life chances |
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Bourdieu |
Higher classes have more economic capital and social capital. |
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Functionalism |
Meritocracy Hard work + ability = reward |
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Palkulski and waters |
Class is much less of an influence on our identities in today's society |
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Hutton |
Decline in trade union has eroded working class identity |
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Mcintosh |
Labelling homosexual men as like feminine means when they come out as gay, they feel the need to fulfill thos expectations |
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Weeks |
You don't have to be gay to have same sexual encounters |
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Reiss |
Male prostitutes regard themselves as heterosexual despite having sex with men for money |
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Rich |
Womens sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society Enforces compulsory heterosexuality Women are subordinate which ensures their availability to men |
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Mac an ghail |
How boys in peer groups at school police their own and others sexuality |
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Models of disability: medical model |
Sees disability as a medical problem, focuses on limitations caused by impairments |
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Models of disability: social model |
Social and physical barriers which exist such as building design and access problems |
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Models of disability: IFC |
Medical and social are not seperate |
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Shakespeare |
Disabled people are often socialised into this way by seeing themselves through the medical model which is victim blaming |
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Shakespeare |
Disabled people are often isolated from one another so forming a strong collective identity is difficult |
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Scope survey |
2/3 felt awkward talking to a disabled person 43% don't know a disabled person |
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Zola |
De-formed Dis-eased Dis-ordered Ab-normal In-valid |
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Murugami |
Disabled person has the ability to construct a self identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it |
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Postman |
Childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enabled adults to shield children from various aspects of adulthood |
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Margaret mead |
Storm and stress associated with youth is culturally specific and not found in all cultures |
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Bradley |
Middle age has a higher status than youth or old age Middle age are have the power at work and are running the country |
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Willis |
Unemployment prevents young people from moving on to adult roles |
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Biggs |
Sitcoms tend to portray old people as enfeebled, vague, forgetful |
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Muncie |
Highlights that in the media youth are often presented as troublesome or deviant |
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Sontag |
Argues that for women in particular, youthfulness is presented in the media as an ideal to live up to |
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Featherstone and hepworth |
Trends help blur the boundaries of life course |
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Aries |
Children were historically treated as mini adults but now we have a constructed childhood due to labour laws |
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Mckingsley |
85+ are a fast growing segment of the population This is oldest old, which suggests there is a young elderly |
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Johnson & ByTheWay |
Offensive exercise of power through reference to age |
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Ghumann |
Asian families socialise children I particular values Being obedient, loyal, respectful to elders, respect for religion, using mother tongue, obligation to extended kin |
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Archer and francis |
Chinese families place particular emphasis on the value of education. They make sacrifices to ensure their children are successful at school |
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Spencer et al |
Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time socialising with British people. In their research one Ukrainian waitress commented that 'they do not let you into their circles' |
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Gillborn |
Found that despite trying to treat everyone fairly, teachers tended to perceive students differently due to their Ethnicity Saw black people as threats Black students more likely punished |
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Cottle |
Argues that despite a big increase in the representation of ethnic minorities in the media, minorities are still overwhelmingly represented in negative ways |
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Jacobson |
Points out that young British Pakistanis see being Muslim as more important than being Pakistani or British |
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Sewell |
Argues that identities of black teenagers is focused upon being hyper male and gangsta in the eyes of peers |
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Hewitt |
Considers the white backlash against multiculturalism |
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Song |
Shows how many Chinese living in the UK are employed in food and catering or as doctors Over a third of NHS are asian |
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Winston james |
Experience of racism unified the culture and identity of african carribeans in the uk. Hierachy of colour imposed by colonialism |
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Johal |
Studied second and third generation British Asians and found they adopt a dual identity because they inherit an Asian identity and adopt a British one |
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Ballard |
Although there are major differences between Asian and mainstream culture, young Asians can navigate between the two cultures with ease |
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Burdsey |
Studied young British Asian footballers and found that they are strongly influenced by white and black teammates In particular focused around designer clothes, alcohol and drugs |
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Ghuman |
Studied Hindu and Sikh girls in the UK and described how they use compartmentalism to cope with pressure from parents and racism I school. At home they dress traditionally and at school they dress English |
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Modood |
Highlights the degree mixed Ethnicity relationships 2/5 children born with a black parent also have a white parent |
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Cashmore and troyna |
Argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience |
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Anderson |
Nation is an imagined community in that members of the nation will never meet most of their fellow members |
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Kumar |
English find it difficult to say who they are. English identity is elusive |
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Schudsen |
Individuals learn national identity through shared language, history, traditions and socialisation |
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Hall |
People construct a sense of national identity through the shared stories of a nations experience |
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Patterson |
Host immigration model -social inequality is a result of immigrant ethnic minorities failing to assimilate into the host countries norms and values |
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Waters |
British identity is under threat from things such as trans national companies controlling financial, product and media markets in uk |
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Sardar |
The world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides such as East vs West and capitalists vs communists, by which we have defined ourselves, have broken down |
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Hall |
Countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation 1= accept global culture (cultural homogenisation) 2= take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture (cultural hybridity) 3= resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage (cultural resistance) |
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Halsey |
Growing international homogeneity and the dominance of American culture mean that Britain has lost the distinctiveness that our lives are becoming americanised to the point that Britain is no longer uniquely british |