Cultural Anthropology Chapters 8-10

Front 1

Fissioning

Back 1

The moving of people from one group to another area when their population begins to increase and food or other resources become scarce.

Front 2

Reciprocity

Back 2

The sharing of goods and services among people.

Front 3

Optimal Foraging Theory

Back 3

This is a model that helps predict how an animal behaves when it's searching for food. Although obtaining food provides the animal with energy, searching for and capturing the food require both energy and time.

Front 4

Extended Family

Back 4

A family that is made up of parents, children, and other kin relations bound together as a social unit.

Front 5

Dreamtime

Back 5

Australian Aborigine notion that exists in the "other world," the world associated with the time of creation, where a person goes in visions and after death.

Front 6

The Original Affluent Society

Back 6

A theory stating that contemporary foraging societies usually have an adequate and reliable food base and that these foragers expended minimal labor to provide for their basic physical needs. Also known as leisured societies. The Ju/'hoansi were used in a study for this theory.

Front 7

Cross-cousin Marriage

Back 7

A common marriage rule found in foraging societies where one can marry the offspring of one's father's sister (paternal aunt) or one's mother's brother (maternal uncle). A male can marry his paternal aunt's daughter or maternal uncle's daughter.

Front 8

Egalitarian

Back 8

A type of social structure that emphasizes equality among different statuses. Constant circulation of material goods in such societies not only enhances and maintains kin ties through mutual obligations, but also inhibits the accumulation of wealth by any individuals in the society. There are very small differences in wealth among individuals. Everyone must share what they hunt or gather, but the one who has the goods is able to determine who gets what when he shares.

Front 9

Marginal Environments

Back 9

Environments that are not suitable for intensive agriculture and tremendous population increases.

1.) Deserts

2.) Tropical Rain Forests

3.) Arctic Areas

Front 10

Desert Environment Foraging Societies

Back 10

!Kung San - Kalahari Desert - SW Africa

1.) Ju/'hoansi San - Kalahari Desert - SW Africa

2.) Hottentots (Khoi) - Kalahari Desert - SW Africa

3.) G/ui San

4.) !Xo San

5.) Kua

Great Basin Shoshone - Native American

Australian Aborigines

1.) Arrente

Front 11

Tropical Rain Forest Environment Foraging Societies

Back 11

Pygmies - Central Africa

1.) Efe' - sustained relationships with outsiders

2.) Mbuti - reside in luxuriant Ituri rain forest

3.) Aka - NE area of the Congo-Zaire

4.) Baka - SE Cameroon

Semang - Malaysian Thai Peninsula

Front 12

Arctic Region Environment Foraging Societies

Back 12

Eskimo (Inuit)

1.) Upiat - Native Alaskans from the North/Northwest

2.) Yupik and Siberian - Native Alaskans from Southwest and St. Lawrence Island

Front 13

Types of Reciprocity

Back 13

1.) Generalized Reciprocity

2.) Balanced Reciprocity

3.) Negative Reciprocity

Front 14

Generalized Reciprocity

Back 14

Reciprocity based on the assumption that immediate return is not expected and that the value of the exchanges will balance out in the long run.

Front 15

Balanced Reciprocity

Back 15

Reciprocity based on an explicit expectation of immediate return.

Front 16

Negative Reciprocity

Back 16

The attempt to get something for nothing. No reciprocity at all.

Front 17

They ate the animal's stomach.

Back 17

Because vegetation historically was scarce in Arctic regions, it was considered a prized food. What did male Eskimo hunters do so as to obtain the valued undigested vegetation?

Front 18

The groups have to mobilize and move to another area.

Back 18

What do hunter/gatherers (foragers) have to do as resources become scarce in one site?

Front 19

Breast Feeding

Back 19

Theory stating that this contributes to low fertility rates because it stimulates the production of prolactin, a hormone that inhibits ovulation and pregnancy.

Front 20

Eskimo Song Duel

Back 20

An example of dispute resolution among Eskimos. This was often used to resolve conflicts between males over a particular female. Since Eskimo society lacks specific rules of marriage, males would sometimes accuse others of wife stealing. The two males would perform this and the crowd resolved the conflict by selecting a winner.

Front 21

Band Society Gender Relations

Back 21

Gender relations tend to be more egalitarian. Men and women have more or less equal status.

Front 22

Tribe

Back 22

Complex societies having political institutions that unite horticulturalists or pastoralist groups into a political system.

Front 23

Primogeniture

Back 23

An inheritance pattern in which land or other wealth is transmitted from generation to generation through the eldest male.

Front 24

Bridewealth

Back 24

The transfer of some form of wealth from the descent group of the groom to that of the bride. Paying to marry a lady.

Front 25

Phratries

Back 25

Umbrella-like social groupings that consist of two or more clans.

Front 26

Class

Back 26

The system of ordering society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status.

Front 27

Sororate

Back 27

The marriage rule requiring a widower to marry one of his deceased wife's sisters.

Front 28

Gerontocracy

Back 28

Rule by elders (usually male) who control the material and reproductive resources of the community.

Front 29

Sorcery

Back 29

A magical strategy, often using different objects, that is believed to bring about either harmful or beneficial results.

Front 30

Matrilineal Descent Group

Back 30

A social descent group whose members calculate descent through the female line from a commonly known female ancestor.

Front 31

Moeities

Back 31

Descent groups made up of clans or phratries that divide the entire society into two equal divisions.

Front 32

Oath

Back 32

An attempt to call on a supernatural source of power to sanction and bear witness to the truth or falsity of an individual's testimony.

Front 33

Oracle

Back 33

A person, sacred object, or shrine believed to have special or supernatural abilities.

Front 34

Avunculocal rule of residence

Back 34

A rule of residence found in matrilineal societies in which a married couple resides in with the husband's mother's brother.

Front 35

Ambilineal Descent Group

Back 35

A social kinship group formed by choosing to trace relationships through either a male or a female line.

Front 36

Limited Purpose Money (Special Purpose Money)

Back 36

Money that is restricted to the purchase of specific goods and services.

Front 37

General Purpose Money (Multipurpose Money)

Back 37

Money that can be used as a medium of exchange for most of the good sand services in a society.

Front 38

Money

Back 38

1.) Enables people to pay for a good or service, and then it circulates to allow for subsequent purchases.

2.) It serves as a uniform standard of value for goods and services within a society.

3.) It has a store of value. It's standard of value does not fluctuate radically over time.

4.) Serves as a form of deferred payment. It can express a promise to pay in the future with the same standard value.

Front 39

Horticulture

Back 39

A form of agriculture in which people use a limited, non-mechanized technology to cultivate plants.

Front 40

Totem

Back 40

A mythical ancestor, usually a plant or an animal, that symbolizes a particular group.

Front 41

Totemism

Back 41

Belief in kinship with or a mystical relationship with a group or an individual totem.

A system of social organization based on totemic affiliations.

Front 42

Complementary Opposition

Back 42

the formation of groups that parallel one another as political antagonists.

Front 43

Types of Horticulture

Back 43

1.) Slash and Burn Cultivation

2.) Subsistence Gardens

Front 44

Names of Horticulturalists

Back 44

1.) The Yanomamo - Amazon

2.) The Tsembaga - New Guinea

3.) The Iroquois - North America

Front 45

Pastoralists

Back 45

Groups whose subsistence activities are based on the care of domesticated animals.

Front 46

Names of Pastoralists

Back 46

1.) Bedouins (Camel Breeders) - Arabia/ N Africa

2.) Saami (Lapps) - Reindeer - Scandinavia -

3.) Eveny, Tungus - Reindeer - Siberia

4.) Basseri, Qashqai, Bahktiari - Iran

5.) Maasai, Nuer, Karimojong, Pokot, Sebei, Samburu, Dinka - Cattle - East Africa

Front 47

"Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies"

Back 47

Study published by Margaret Mead

Front 48

Margaret Mead

Back 48

Published a study stating that gender roles were different among tribes. Some tribes see males and females as equals, while others see one sex or the other as dominant.

Front 49

Theories of Tribal Warfare

Back 49

1.) Protein Shortage - Marvin Harris

2.) Reproductive Strategy Theory - William Durham

3.) Multidimensional (Historical) Theory - Walter Goldschmidt

Front 50

Internal Conflict Resolution Strategies (three o's)

Back 50

1.) Ordeals - (hot water ordeal)

2.) Oaths - Swearing to god

3.) Oracles - prophetic powers to make legal decisions.

Front 51

Property Rights in Tribal Societies

Back 51

In tribal societies, an individual gains certain rights, privileges, and obligations with respect to property through inheriting land and animals through kinship networks, or what is described as relational wealth.

Front 52

The 2 Type of Sodalities in Tribal Societies

Back 52

1.) Kinship Sodalities - Including lineages and clans. Political organization.

2.) Nonkin Sodalities - Voluntary and involuntary associations. Used mostly for alliances

Front 53

More than 1000 miles annually.

Back 53

What is the travel distance of the Tungus tribe?

Front 54

Sumptuary Rules

Back 54

Cultural norms and practices used to differentiate the higher-status groups from the lower-status groups.

Front 55

Theocracy

Back 55

A society in which people rule not because of their worldly wealth and power, but because of their place in the moral and sacred order. Divine Rule.

Front 56

Potlach Feast

Back 56

A form of redistributional exchange found among many Northwest Native American Groups. Luxurious items get burned as a show of solidarity.

Front 57

Kula Ring

Back 57

A form of reciprocal exchange involving ceremonial items in the Trobriand Islands. They only deal with the allies they have made to develop trust relationships.

Front 58

Regional Symbiosis

Back 58

The pattern in which a particular society resides in an ecological habitat divided into different resource areas that become interdependent.

Front 59

Adjudication

Back 59

The settling of legal disputes through a formal, centralized authority.

Front 60

5,000 - 100,000 people

Back 60

What is the population of Chiefdoms?

Front 61

Kpelle Chief property ownership.

Back 61

Property ownership among this tribe is said to be owned formally by the paramount chief (the highest ranking chief), who divided it into portions for each village in the chiefdom. These portions were then distributed in parcels to families of various lineages. One land is parceled out, it remained within the lineage until the lineage died out. The paramount chief is only a steward holding land for the group he represented.

Front 62

Warfare in Hawaiian Chiefdoms

Back 62

Warfare in this chiefdom is initiated by the paramount chief to eliminate the competition from lesser chiefs.

Front 63

Male dominated. Unequal. Male dominates religion, politics, and economy.

Back 63

What are the gender relations in Chiefdoms?

Front 64

Patriarchal Society

Back 64

Male-dominated society.

Front 65

Totem Poles

Back 65

The ultimate status and religious symbols of the Native Americans of the Northwest Coast indicating high social standing and linkages between the chiefs and the ancestral deities.

Front 66

They are foragers but built with chiefdom-like political system in the sense that they have power of the chief, the power is hereditary, and the power of the chief is linked to food storage technology and food distribution.

Back 66

Why are Northwestern US Chiefdom's atypical?

Front 67

Sodalities

Back 67

Groups based on kinship, age, gender, or other prin-ciples that provide for political organization.

Front 68

Marvin Harris

Back 68

Who believed that tribal warfare was due to the Protein Shortage Theory?

Front 69

William Durham

Back 69

Who believed that tribal warfare was due to the Reproductive Strategy Theory?

Front 70

Walter Goldshmidt

Back 70

Who believed that tribal warfare was due to the Multidimensional (Historical) Theory?