Cultural Anthropology

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What is the Criteria of Stratification

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wealth, power and prestige

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Egalitarian Society

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societies that recognize few differences in status wealth and power.

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Why is inequality discouraged among foragers?

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Everyone in the society can help to bring in food and other resources

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Rank Societies

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societies in which people have unequal access to prestige and status but equal access to wealth and power. Based on kinship

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Stratified Societies

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Chracterized by considerable inequality in all forms of social rewards; power wealth and prestige

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class v. caste

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class: social position achieved, system of stratification open, Example America

Caste: social position ascribed, system of stratification closed, Example India

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Caste System in Traditional India

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Brahmins (priests and scholars)
Kshatriyas (warriors)
Vaisya (merchants)
Shudras (cultivators and Servants)

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Sanskritization

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upward social mobility

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Social Class in the United States

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Social Mobility
American Dream
Social Classes as subcultures

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What is the Functionalist Interpretation of Social Stratification?

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it exists because it contributes to the overall well-being of a society

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What is the Conflict Theory Interpretation?

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results from the constant struggle for scarce goods and services between the owners and the workers

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Objective aspects of ethnicity

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observable culture and shared system of a particular group

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Subjective Aspects

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the internal beliefs of the people regarding their shared ancestry

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Pluralism

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2 or more groups living in harmony without losing their culture

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Assimilation

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minority groups give up their cultures to fit into the more dominant group

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Ethnic relations in the US (3 tiers)

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white protestants
other white population
blacks Hispanics American Indians

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Band

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A small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together and are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage

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Tribe

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A range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, cultures, and territory

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Chiefdom

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a society with social ranking in which political integration is achieved through an office of centralized leadership called the chief

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State

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A hierarchical centralized form of political organization in which a central government has a legal monopoly over the use of force

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What are the three state systems that have risen?

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Voluntaristic Theory
Hydraulic Theory
Coercive Theory

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Autocracy

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a form of government that is controlled by a leader who holds absolute power and denies popular participation in decision making

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Democracy

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A type of political system that involves popular participation in decision making

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What are the informal means of social control?

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corporate lineages, public opinion, ancestor worship, age organization

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Corporate Lineages

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Kinship groups whose member engage in daily activities together

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Oaths

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The practice of having god bear witness to the truth of what a person says

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Ordeal

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a painful and possibly life-threatening test inflicted on someone suspected of doing wrong

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What are 4 reasons for warfare?

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social problems
perceived threats
political motivations
moral objections

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What are Formal Means of Social Control?

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Song Duel
Intermediaries
Moots

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Song Duel

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the use of song and lyrics to determine ones guilt or innocence for wife stealing among the Inuit people

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Intermediates

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Leapard-Skin chief in the Nuer

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Moots

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Informal hearings of disputes for the purpose of resolving conflicts

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Function of Art

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Emotional Gratification
Social Integration
Social Control
preserving or challenging the status quo

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Types of Visual Arts

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Graphic Art
Plastic Art
Architecture
Weaving
Tattooing

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Graphic Art

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forms of Art that include painting and drawing on various surfaces

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Plastic Art

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artistic expression that involves molding certain forms

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Types of Verbal Arts

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Folklore
Folktales

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Folklore

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unwritten, verbal arts that can take a variety of forms

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What are two types of Folklore?

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Myth-a sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence

Legend- a story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence

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Folktales

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Stories from the past that are instructive, entertaining and largely secular in nature

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What are three examples of performing arts?

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Music
Dance
Theater

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Religion

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A set of Beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve important problems

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Worldview

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the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality

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Animism

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Belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies

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polytheism

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The belief in the exsistence of many gods

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monotheism

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the belief in only one god

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animatism

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belief in a generalized, impersonal power over which people have some measure of control

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Magic

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a system of supernatural beliefs that involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events

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Imitative Magic

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The belief that imitating an action in a religious ritual will cause the action to happen in the material world

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Contagious Magic

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The belief that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection with that person or object

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Religion v. Magic

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Religion
-Human Existence
-Petition of supernatural powers
-Group Activity
-Specified Time
-Officially recognized functionaries

Magic
-Immediate Problems
-Manipulation of supernatural forces
-Individual endeavor
-Irregularity
-Wide variety of practitioners

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Witchcraft

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An inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people

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Sorcery

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The performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people

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Social Functions of Religion

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Social Control
Conflict resolution
Reinforcement of group solidarity

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Psychological functions of Religion

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Cognitive/Intellectual function
Emotional Function

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Four Types of Religious Organization

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Individualistic
Shamanistic
Communal
Ecclesiastical

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Individualistic

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The least complex form of religious organization in which each person is his/her own religious specialists (do it yourself religion)

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Shamanistic

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Forms of religion in which part time religious specialists called shamans intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients

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Communal

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Societies in which groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being of the total community

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Ecclesiastical

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Highly complex religious system employing full-time priests

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Vision Quest

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Found in Individualistic cults it is a ritual wherein through visions people establish special relationships with spirits who provide them with knowledge power and protection

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Religion among the Oijbwa

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Focus on the relationship with "the grandfathers" dreaming, fasting and visions i

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Shamans

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part-time religious specialists who are thought to have supernatural power by virtue of birth, training or inspiration

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Rite of Passage

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found in communal cults, three parts: separation, transition and incorporation

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Priest

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Found in Ecclesiastical Cults
one who is formally elected, appointed, or hired to a full-time religious office

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Religion Among Aztecs

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Example of Ecclesiastical Cult
Priesthood Hierarchy
Human sacrifice and cannibalism

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Various Approaches to Globalization

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internationalization
liberalization
Universalization
Westernization
Deterritorialization/ respatialization

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Internationalization

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cross-border exchange between nations

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Liberalization

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removing government-imposed restrictions

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Deterritorialization/respatialization

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reconfiguration of social geography with increased transplanetary connections between people
flow of 5 things:
people
technology
capital
image
idea

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Four main reasons for globalization

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rationalism
capitalism
technological renovation
regulation

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Modernization Theory

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-Modernization is a universal process
-preconditions for modernization:
education
foreign aid
-First second and third world countries

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Dependence Theory

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Developed vs. Developing Countries
-Undeveloped countries are taken over by developed
^imperialism

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World System Theory

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core, semi-periphery, periphery
A dynamic system

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Commodity Chain

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a network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity (world system theory)

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Types of Cultural Changes

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Invention/Innovation
Diffusion
Acculturation

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Invention/Innovation

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Variation as basis

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Diffusion

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more popular because its more convenient

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Acculturation

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A specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture

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Processes of Long-term Cultural Change

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Intensification
Specialization
Centralization
Stratification and inequality
Settlement nucleation

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Demographic Transition

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A rapid increase in a society's population with the onset of industrialization followed by a leveling off the growth rate.