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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All primary _______ and ______ regions are _________, either directly or indirectly. This allows for constant __________ within and between the __________ of the brain. This is referred to as __________.
|
sensory
motor connected interaction hemispheres connectivity |
|
All neurological interactions are _________ through the _____. This is referred to as __________ of _____.
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mediated
CNS centrality CNS |
|
The brain is organized from ________ to ________ levels of functioning from the lowest at the ________ ________ (reflexive responses) to the highest at the ________ (higher level sensorimotor and mental functions). This is referred to as ___________ of __________ ___________.
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lower
higher spinal cord cortex hierarchy of neuraxial organization |
|
Although the left hemisphere is __________ dominant, the two cerebral hemispheres are otherwise largely __________. This is referred to as _________ ____________.
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language
similar bilateral symmetry |
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As the brain __________, each hemisphere acquires ___________ in different skills. This is referred to as __________ ___________ __________.
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develops
dominance unilateral functional differences |
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All sensory and motor fibers cross over (_________) at the body's ________, so the left hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body, and the right hemisphere the ______ side. This is referred to as ______________ ______________ __________.
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decussate
midline right left contralateral sensorimotor control |
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Different systems have __________ nerve cells and although they run __________ to each other in many cases, they have ____________ functions. This is true for _________ and ________ pathways. This is referred to as _________ ___________ ____________.
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specialized
parallel different sensory motor functionally specialized networking |
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An orderly visual map of neural functions called a ____________ ____________ can be used to identify neural structures and their __________. This is referred to as _______________ organization of __________ _________.
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somatosensory homunuculus
functions topographical cortical pathways |
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The brain exhibits the ability to __________ and ________ tissue functions and ________ to internal and external changes. This is referred to as __________ in the brain.
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reorganize
modify adapt plasticity |
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The brain doesn't vary significantly by ________, ______, or _________. This is referred to as a ___________ _________ _________.
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culture
color gender culturally neutral brain |
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A collection of nerve cells in the CNS.
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nucleus or ganglion
|
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A collection of nerve fibers that share a common origin in the CNS.
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tract or faciculus (several tracts)
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Referring to the central part of the body.
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axial
|
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A collection of nerve cells in the PNS.
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ganglion
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A bundle of fibers in the PNS.
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nerve or nerve trunk
|
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Referring to the limbs.
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appendicular
|
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Relative to the front and back of the developed body (nose as the most anterior head structure).
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anterior vs. posterior
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Relative to the top and bottom of the embryonic nervous system.
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dorsal vs. ventral
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Relative to top of head vs. bottom of feet.
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superior vs. inferior
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Relative to the beak vs. the tail or tail-end of the head.
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rostral vs. caudal
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Close to midline and farther from midline.
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medial and lateral
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Cross-sections cutting along the dorsal/ventral axis or neuraxis - in the horizontal plane.
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transverse or coronal
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Divides the body into precise right-left halves.
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sagittal
|
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The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what?
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Brain
-Cerebrum (Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, diencephalon) -Cerebellum -Brainstem Spinal Cord |
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The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of what?
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cranial nerves
spinal nerves |
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The somatic nervous system consists of _________ nerve fibers that send ________ information to the ________ nervous system AND _______ nerve fibers that project to ________ muscle.
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peripheral
sensory central motor skeletal |
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The autonomic nervous system is described in what two ways?
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sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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What part of the autonomic nervous system allows the body to function under stress and utilizes fight or flight?
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sympathetic
|
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What part of the autonomic nervous system controls vegetative functions?
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parasympathetic
|
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The nervous system is a _______ information__________ system. It needs to ________ provide an __________ representation of the __________ world and enable/cause us to ____ on that information.
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complex
processing quickly internal external act |
|
What is our most complex organ system?
|
our nervous system
|
|
The nervous system is ____________ expensive/greedy, using ____ of our _______ to run/maintain.
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metabolically
20% oxygen |
|
Neurons make up only _____% of _____________ cells.
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2-10%
10 billion |
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The majority of nervous system cells are satellite (______) cells, which serve ___________ functions.
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gilal
supportive |
|
There are about ____ times as many glial cells as ________ and they make up more than ______ the volume of the nervous system.
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10
neurons half |
|
Provide the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS.
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schwann cells
|
|
Remove dead cells and other waste.
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microglia
|
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Form myelin around the axons in the CNS.
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oligodendroglia
|
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Make up the connective tissue in the CNS.
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astrocytes
|
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The most important cells in the nervous system.
|
neurons
|
|
Neurons are the means by which ________ ___________ are ___________ from one part of the _________ __________ to the other.
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neural impulses
transmitted nervous system |
|
Neurons share many ________ with other ______.
|
features
cells |
|
Neurons __________ by having long __________ and being __________ (this means that they have built up ____________ potential - __________ potential - that is poised to change).
|
specialize
processes irritable electrical action |
|
Neurons are similar in function to cells in the _________ system.
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endocrine
|
|
___________ cells release a chemical signal to trigger another organ to _________, _________, or ______. Neural signaling is _______ and more __________.
|
endocrine
secrete contract relax faster directed |
|
Cell axons, or nerve fibers make up _______ in the PNS and _______ in the CNS.
|
nerves
tracts |
|
Groups of nerve bodies are _________ in the PNS and ________ in the CNS.
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ganglia
nuclei |
|
Relative terms describing the flow of neural impulses.
|
efferent
afferent |
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Carries information away from the CNS (eg ______ nerves).
|
efferent
motor |
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Carries information toward the CNS (eg _______ nerves).
|
sensory
afferent |
|
The structure of the neuron includes?
|
cell body
an axon many dendrites myelin sheath supporting cells |
|
The supporting cells of the neuron manufacture _______-_____________ in the CNS and __________ _______ in the PNS.
|
myelin-oligodendroglia
schwann cells |
|
Carry info toward the cell body.
|
dendrites
|
|
Carries info away from the cell body to another neuron, muscle, or gland.
|
axon
|
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Axons divide into ____________, at the end of each ___________ is a ________ __________.
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telodendria
telodendria terminal bouton |
|
Terminal boutons contain?
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acetylcholine (Ach) a neurotransmitter
|
|
Nerves/tracts are made up of ___________ of neurons that form a ___________ ____________.
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bundles
common pathway |
|
__________ gives a whitish appearance to a ________ and acts as an ___________ that promotes ___________ in sending information.
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Myelin
neuron insulator speed |
|
Points in the myelin sheath that are incomplete.
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nodes of ranvier
|
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Myelin has varying ____________.
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thickness
|
|
Found in the CNS and don't have the capacity to regenerate or repair themselves if damaged.
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oligodendroglia
|
|
Found in the PNS and DO have the potential to regenerate or repair themselves if damaged.
|
schwann cells
|
|
Oligodendroglia and schwann cells share what common function?
|
insulate axons
|
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Like all cells, neurons are basically "water" (_________) filled _____. This liquid cell content or ___________ is confined by a ___________ ___________.
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plasma
sacks cytoplasm plasma membrane |
|
The __________ side of the membrane is _________, and consequently it is ___________ (water loving).
|
phosphate
polar hydrophilic |
|
The ______ (fat) side of the membrane is __________ (what hating). Water can't _________.
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lipid
hydrophobic penetrate |
|
Plasma membranes have ________ _________________ embedded within them that serve as __________ for molecules to pass through the ________.
|
protein macromolecules
channels lipid |
|
Some channels will open or close in response to _________, _________, or __________ stimulation - these are _______.
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chemical
electrical mechanical gated |
|
Some channels are open all the time (____-_________), but can be __________ regarding what molecules they let pass.
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non-gated
selective |
|
Non-gated channels bring about the plasma membrane __________ __________.
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resting potential
|
|
Gated channels enable _________ ___________ and __________ ______________.
|
action potentials
synaptic potentials |
|
The resting potential refers to the potential for __________ to _____ or move due to a _____________ in the ____________ charge across the plasma membrane.
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current
flow difference electrical |
|
Electrical charge is provided by:
|
ions (charged particles)
|
|
Flow is brought about by the ____________ of ion ___________ _____________ and ____________ ____________.
|
interaction
concentration gradients electrical gradients |
|
There is approximately ___ times more K+ (__________ ions) __________ the cell than _________. This creates a strong ___________ ____________ that makes K+ want to ______.
|
20
potassium inside outside concentration gradient exit |
|
Non-gated ion channels permit K+ to _______ the membrane, this is the key to bring about the ___________ __________.
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cross
resting potential |
|
There are many ___________ charged molecules within the cell that attract K+, causing an __________ ____________. These opposing forces both act on K+, but the _____________ ______________ (the push to exit) is strong enough to maintain an electrical charge.
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negatively
electrical gradient concentration gradient |
|
There is about _____ more Na+ (________) _________ of the cell compared to _________ the cell. Therefore, Na+ has a ____________ ____________ opposite that of K+ and an ___________ _________ that pushes it into the neuron.
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10x
sodium outside inside concentration gradient electrical gradient |
|
Na+ doesn't enter the cell to balance these gradients because:
|
It can't pass those non-gated channels
Non-gated channels are selectively permeable for K+ Only slightly accepting of Na+ |
|
When does the charge across the membrane now have the cell in an excitable state, since there is potential for current flow?
|
during the resting potential
|
|
The membrane and its ion selective channels maintain the resting potential until?
|
something happens to open other channel types
|
|
The resting potential is maintained by the _________ of negative to positive _____, that is there are more negative and fewer positive ions _______ the cells and more positive and fewer negative ions _______ the cell.
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balance
ions inside outside |
|
When an event (mechanical or chemical) affects a neuron's plasma membrane and excites or inhibits the cell.
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perturbation
|
|
When excitatory, the channels open-negative ions flow ___ and positive ions flow ___.
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out
in |
|
An abrupt change in the electrical activity of the neuron spurs what?
|
action potential
|
|
At rest, the axon plasma membrane is _________.
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polarized
|
|
Gated channels open if the membrane is ___________ ________ (during action potential).
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depolarized enough
|
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When the threshold of the electrically-gated channels is reached, an __________ of ________ _______ occurs. This is an ______ ___ ______ __________.
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explosion
channel activity all or none response |
|
Generated by the opening and closing of gated channels.
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action potential
|
|
Gated channels are open for how long?
|
3 ms (very briefly)
|
|
During Na+ inactivation, the gated Na+ channels are unable to open, regardless of stimulus strength. This is the _____________ ____________ _____________.
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absolute refractory period
|
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The membrane potential is briefly ______________ after Na+ inactivation due to K+ activation.
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hyperpolarized
|
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The axon is able to fire again if adequately stimulated, but it requires more depolarization to reach threshold compared to the resting state. This is the __________ ___________ __________.
|
relative refractive period
|
|
K+ outgoing currents eventually __________ Na+ ingoing currents, and the plasma membrane returns to its ___________ state with a ____________ charged inside surface.
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exceed
resting negatively |
|
What two things together form the synapse?
|
terminal bouton
post-synaptic membrane |
|
Synapses are ___________ of information from one ________ to another.
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transmitters
neuron |
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Transmission of information conveyed by an action potential can be ___________ or __________.
|
electrical
chemical |
|
Chemical Synapses
- advantage is ____________ - connections can be ____________ or __________ - modified by the systematic ___________ in the __________ - even ___________ are flexible |
flexibility
excitatory/inhibitory chemicals/bloodstream receptors |
|
What is it called when the action potential reaches terminal bouton (filled with neurotransmitters) and opens Ca+ (calcium) channels?
|
chemical synaptic transmission
|
|
Ca+ causes small __________ containing neurotransmitter to ___________ their content in the synaptic gap. This process is called _____________ - the ________ of the neurotransmitter in the presence of ______.
|
pouches
extrude exocytosis release Ca+ |
|
There are many different _________________; each is found only in certain types of _________, although a given type of ___________ can have more than one _____________.
|
neurotransmitters
neurons neuron neurotransmitter |
|
The first identified neurotransmitter was ________________ (ACh) which causes _____________ of muscles.
|
acetylcholine
contraction |
|
What is another neurotransmitter you've probably heard of?
|
dopamine
|
|
These send and receive signals that trigger an electrical signal that runs along the neuron and can be passed along a neural network, by regulating the activity of ion channels?
|
transmitter receptors
|
|
What are these:
atropine curare botulinum toxin? |
receptor antagonists
|
|
These act by inhibiting the release of Ach from the pre-synaptic terminal.
|
receptor antagonists
|
|
Receptor antagonists are used clinically to intentionally ____________ muscles:
- cosmetically prevents ________ - useful for treating __________ ___________ - upper ___________ segment _________ |
denervate
wrinkles spasmodic dysphonia esophageal, dysfunction |
|
The cell on the other side of the synapse is affected by the ______________. It may be a ________ cell, a __________ cell, or another _________.
|
neurotransmitter
gland muscle neuron |
|
Excitation causes _________: the gland cell _________, the muscle cell ___________, and the neuron sends __________ __________ along its axon (if the inhibitory receptors-antagonists don't __________ the cells so they require greater excitatory ____________ for action).
|
action
secretes contracts action potentials hyperpolarize stimulation |
|
Describe the neuronal kiss.
|
- communicates information
-doesn't make a permanent commitment -may be excitatory or inhibatory |
|
The collective term for the motorneuron (MN) and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
|
motor unit (MU)
|
|
The smaller the motor unit, the ______ the _________ it exerts on the ___________ of a muscle.
|
finer
control contraction |
|
The larger the motor unit, the __________ its ___________ of a given muscle, but the __________ the increase in _______ it produces.
|
grosser
control larger tone |
|
Activation of the MN causes all muscle fibers of the motor unit to be __________ and to contract ______________.
|
activated
simultaneously |
|
The synapse between the MN and the muscle cell.
|
neuromuscular junction
|
|
When the neuromuscular junction is complete, the information travels down the _____ and continues to another ___________, and eventually reaches a __________ causing it to _________.
|
axon
neuron muscle contract |
|
A single neuron may have synaptic connections with the terminal ____________ or _____________ of _______ different axons (typically _________).
|
ramifications
collaterals many thousands |
|
A receiving neuron will fire its own _________________ impulse only when a certain ___________ of _____________ is reached and then only if the amounts of ___________ neurotransmitters __________ the influence of ___________ neurotransmitters.
|
electrochemical
threshold excitation excitatory exceed inhibitory |
|
May be caused by the disproportionate amount of excitatory neurotransmitters relative to the presence of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
|
spasticity
|
|
The result of spasticity will be ___________ ____________ of the muscles innervated by those highly excited neurons that did not receive the __________________ inhibitory neurotransmitters.
|
excessive contractions
counterbalancing |
|
After firing, a neuron ___________ itself to be ready again until it reaches the ____________ of ____________ required to set the _________ __________ into motion.
|
replenishes
threshold excitability action potential |
|
List the three variables that affect the speed of neural conduction.
|
diameter of the axon
thickness of the meylin distance between nodes of ranvier |
|
The bony skull is the most obvious ___________ of the ________. 2nd only is the ___________. ___ layers of __________ and a layer of _____________ _________ which lies within them.
|
protector
brain meninges 3 membranes cerebrospinal fluid |
|
The outermost layer of the meninges is the ___________, fibrous, _______, ________-like membrane. It ___________ closely to the inner layer of the __________ of the ________.
|
duramater
tough leather adheres bones skull |
|
In the ____________ layer, web-like process of the _________ extend toward the surface of the _______.
|
arachnoid
arachnoid brain |
|
Cerebrospinal fluid lies between these web-like processes.
|
subarachnoid space
|
|
This acts as a shock-absorbing cushion and also removes pathogens from the brain's environment.
|
subarachnoid space
|
|
The thin, delicate layer of the meninges is ____ ________. It contains both large and small _________ _________ and adheres tightly to the entire surface of the brain, following each _________ and _________.
|
pia matter
blood vessels groove crevice |
|
Spinal dura mater is a ______-__________ membrane.
|
single layered
|
|
Spinal arachnooid membrane begins at the __________ __________ and ends at the __________ __________. The subarachnoid space around the cord is filled with ______.
|
foramen magnum
cauda equina CSF |
|
Spinal pia mater ________ and _________ adheres to the spinal cord.
|
wraps
tightly |
|
Blood Supply - The Vascular System:
- Neurons have a high _____________ _______ and do not store ________ __________. |
metabolic rate
energy reserves |
|
All of the __________ that supply the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres arise from the ________ _______ in the chest.
|
vessels
aortic arch |
|
The blood system brings ________ and _________ required to release the energy they carry. If they ____, they are not ___________.
|
carbs
oxygen die replaced |
|
Brain blood flow - the brain ________ blood from __________ and _________ blood through ________.
|
receives
arteries dispels veins |
|
The brain receives almost a _______ of blood per ________. (650-1000 ml/min)
|
liter
minute |
|
_______ _________ is more demanding than ________ _________ - __________________ manufactured there
|
gray matter
white matter neurotransmitters |
|
Loss of consciousness if blood flow stops for ___-___ seconds. Irreversible brain damage if blood flow ceases for ___-____ min.
|
5-8
4-6 |
|
The ____________ is more susceptible than the _________ to loss of blood flow (higher mental functions at risk).
|
forebrain
brainstem |
|
One of two terminal branches of the internal carotid artery
|
middle cerebral artery
|
|
Supplies the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
|
middle cerebral artery
|
|
Carotid system:
- ______________ carotid arteries arise from the _________ carotid arteries. - They are the major ________ ________ to the brain. - Branch into the ________ cerebral artery and the ________ cerebral artery |
internal
common blood supply middle anterior |
|
Anterior cerebral arteries travel along ___________ surface of the brain and supply the ________ surfaces of the __________ and _________ lobes.
|
midsaggital
midline frontal parietal |
|
Interruption of the anterior cerebral arteries can cause?
|
- paralysis of the legs and feet
- prefrontal lobe symptoms such as cognitive impairments of thinking, reasoning, abstracting, self monitoring, planning, impaired judgment, and limited concentration (executive functions) - decreased spontaneity and motor interaction |
|
Middle cerebral arteries are a direct ______________ of the __________ carotids - they (MCA) are the __________ cerebral arteries
|
continuation
internal largest |
|
These cerebral arteries supply nearly the entire lateral surface of the brain.
|
middle cerebral arteries
|
|
Key structures of the the lateral surface of the brain:
__________ cortex in the __________ gyrus __________ area in the _______ region ________ cortex in the ________ gyrus _____________ area in the superior-posterior __________ lobe __________ cortex and __________ auditory cortex Much of the _________ _________ and diencephalon |
somatosensory/postcentral
broca's/premotor motor/precentral wernicke's/temporal frontal/primary basal ganglia |
|
Vertebral arteries arise from the _____________ arteries. They _______ and form a single _________ __________ artery. They _______ again and form the ___________ cerebral arteries.
|
subclavian
merge midline basilar split posterior |
|
Posterior cerebral arteries are formed by the ______________ of the ________ artery (originally the vertebral arteries). They supply the _________ and __________ temporal lobes. They supply the ____________ and ___________ occipital lobes (vision!).
|
bifurcation
basilar anterior inferior medial inferior |
|
unilateral block
|
homonymous hemianopsia
|
|
bilateral block
|
blindness
|
|
The vascular system is made up of what four parts?
|
aorta
subclavian arteries circle of willis cerebral arteries |
|
Explain the breakdown of the subclvaian arteries.
|
Common Carotid (anterior)
- Internal carotid - anterior cerebral arteries - middle cerebral arteries - External carotid arteries - go to face Vertebral Arteries (posterior) - Basilar artery - posterior cerebral arteries |
|
List the three cerebral arteries.
|
anterior
middle posterior |
|
At the base of the brain, the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries form a circle of communicating arteries known as what?
|
circle of willis
|
|
One of the two terminal branches of the internal carotid artery.
|
anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
|
|
Supplies medial aspect of the cerebrum from the frontal pole to the parieto-occipital fissure.
|
anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
|
|
Anterior Circuluation: __________ ___________ system consists of
- ________ cerebral artery - ________ cerebral artery |
internal carotid
anterior middle |
|
Posterior Circulation: the __________ _________ ________
|
vertebral-basilar system
|
|
The posterior spinal artery has ____ from each __________ artery and supplies the posterior ___________ (caudal) and the _______ _______.
|
one
vertebral medulla spinal cord |
|
The anterior spinal artery:
- 2 arteries, one from each _______, _____ to form a _______ artery |
vertebral
join single |
|
The anterior spinal artery supplies?
|
- anterior medulla
- paramedian structures in the medulla -anterior spinal cord |
|
Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery causes?
|
paralysis below the level of the infarct
|
|
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) branches from the _________ artery and supplies:
- the posterior inferior ___________ - dorsolateral __________ - _________ ___________ (4th ventricle) |
vertebral
cerebellum medulla choroid plexus |
|
List the 3 basilar artery branches.
|
median penetrating arteries
short cirumferential arteries long circumferential arteries |
|
Which basilar artery branch supplies the brainstem?
|
median penetrating arteries
|
|
Which basilar artery branch supply the anterolateral and posterolateral portions of the pons?
|
short circumferential arteries
|
|
The long circumferential arteries give rise to the __________ artery (accompanies _________________ nerve) and supply the ______ _____ and the root fibers of _______ nerve. Occlusion = ___________.
|
auditory
vestibulocochlear inner ear facial deafness |
|
The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) branches from the _________ artery and supplies the anterior inferior _____________ and the lower ______ and upper ___________.
|
basilar
cerebellum pons medulla |
|
The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) branches from the _________ portion of the _______ artery. It supplies:
- superior ________ and _______ nucleus - dorsal ________ - _________ - inferior ____________ |
rostral
basilar cerebellum dentate midbrain pons colliculus |
|
The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is the _________ branch of the ________ artery and supplies:
- the medial __________ and __________ lobes, and caudal _________ lobe - ____________ branches supply the ________, ________, choroid plexus of the _____ and _________ ventricles |
terminal
basilar occipital temporal parietal perforating midbrain thalamus 3rd lateral |
|
In the circle of willis, ________ cerebral arteries communicate via the ___________ ______________ artery.
|
anterior
anterior communicating |
|
In the circle of willis, ___________ carotids communicate with the ____________ cerebral arteries by the __________ __________ arteries.
|
internal
posterior posterior communicating |
|
What is a connection between two blood vessels?
|
anastomose
|
|
Normally, there is ______ blood flow around the circle of willis. _________ pressure in the internal carotid arteries = __________ cerebral arteries. The result: _________ blood flows through the ________ _____________ arteries.
|
little
arterial posterior little posterior communicating |
|
If a major vessel becomes occluded in the circle of willis, there is _________ __________ of communicating arteries allowing ____________ flow.
|
some chance
anastomotic |
|
The arterial ring can ____________ pressure between the major arteries and ___________ adequate ______ ______ if one of the arteries is __________ ______________.
|
equalize
ensure blood flow slowly occluded |
|
Vascular pathologies:
- #1 cause of _____________ __________ - #___ killer in the US - Often called ______ - Can cause ___________ (neuron death) |
neurological deficits
3 CVA infarction |
|
List three common types of CVA.
|
Occlusive vascular pathologies
hemorrhage arteriovenous malformations (AVM) |
|
A gradual accumulation of cholesterol, lipids, calcium, and other undissolved particles on the inner wall of the arteries.
|
arterosclerosis
|
|
In occlusive vascular pathologies (_________), the block is _________. Pieces can ______ off the atheroma (embolus) and cause an __________. The artery can become totally blocked forming a ____________.
|
block
atheroma break embolism thrombosis |
|
Bleeding from ruptured blood vessels.
|
hemorrhage
|
|
What type of hemorrhages are caused by rupture of intracranial arteries?
|
intracerebral (within brain)
|
|
__________ (surface of the brain) hematoma - usually from a traumatic blow. ___________ blood vessels rupture. Potential space between ________ and __________ fills.
|
subdural
arachnoid duramatter arachnoid |
|
Ballooning of a weakened or deformed artery.
|
aneurysm
|
|
Arteriovenous malfromations (AVM) are the _____ common type of CVA.
- ___________ vein and artery ____________. -susceptible to ______________ - Can cause ___________ and _______________/_________ speech problems. |
least
congenital malformations hemorrhaging seizures language/motor |
|
Fewer vascular accidents occur in the brain's _______ system than in its __________ system, primarily because blood pressure is much _______ in the _______.
|
venous
arterial lower veins |
|
Venous sinus system: (Veins)
- Collects and ___________ ____________ blood. - Blood collects and _________ through _________ in the dura matter called _________. - Eventually the sinuses _____ into right and left _________ veins, which carry the _______ blood back to the _______. |
transports
deoxygenated flows cavities sinuses flow jugular venous heart |
|
The blood-brain barrier:
- __________ system. - In most parts of the body, almost all __________ can pass through _________ walls into the ______________ space of the adjacent __________. This is _____ the case in the ________. - Here, the cells of the ______________ and cells that immediately surround the _________ form a _________ barrier. |
protective
molecules capillary extracellular tissue not brain capillaries capillaries selective |
|
The blood brain barrier prevents most _________, including most _______ and _____ from leaving the bloodstream and entering the brain. Brain infections are often __________. The barrier also _______ or ____________ the effect of many _______ on the brain.
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pathogens
bacteria virus deadly limits eliminates drugs |
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The ventricular system (cerebrospinal fluid system)
- ________ system - CSF is a _______, _______ fluid that contains almost no _____. Similar to blood _________. CSF is produced by the ________ ___________ located in each ventricle. |
protective
clear watery cells plasma choroid plexuses |
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The vestibular system fills the _____________ space and _______ the entire CNS and is found in the __________ and other cavities. It is a ____________ ________ around the CNS.
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subarachnoid
bathes ventricles mechanical cushion |
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CSF functions to ___________ the CNS by working in concert with the __________ system to remove _________ __________ __________.
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cleanse
vascular harmful metabolic wastes |
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CSF is _________ in the brain. A mismatch between __________ and __________ will cause _______________, which increases pressure on the brain and can lead to brain ____________.
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absorbed
production absorption hydrocephalus damage |
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List the 3 functions of the spinal cord.
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sensory processing
reflexes motor outflow |
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Sensory processing in the spinal cord:
Axons from __________ neurons from the _______ roots. Some axons project to the ____________ and others to the _____________. |
sensory
dorsal brainstem thalamus |
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In the spinal cord, local circuit neurons form the ________ ____ to connect the ________ and _______ systems.
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reflex arc
sensory motor |
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The axons from the spinal cord __________ _________ form the _________ __________ (efferents).
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motor neurons
ventral roots |
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In the spinal cord, the outer portion is ________ ________. _________ are tracts of white matter in the outer portion. ____________ are tracts in spinal reflexes.
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white matter
funiculi fasciculi |
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In the spinal cord, _________ _______ makes the shape of a butterfly. Upper part of the wings are the _________ _________. Lower part of the wings are the _________ _______. A small _________ _______ lies between the other two. The _______ ________ contains CSF.
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grey matter
dorsal horns ventral horns lateral horn central canal |
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Tracts: _____________ and ___________ spinal __________ facilitate a variety of sensory and motor functions.
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ascending
descending pathways |
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Spinal nerves:
- ____ pairs - all _______ (motor and sensory) - Once nerves exit the spinal cord, they are considered part of the _____ |
31
mixed PNS |
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(Spinal Nerves)
- Motor fibers are in the ________ roots - Sensory fibers are in the _________ roots - Dorsal root ganglia contains the cell bodies of all the ________ _______ |
ventral
dorsal sensory fibers |
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(Spinal Nerves)
- The __________ contain the primary sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. - The grey matter of the spinal cord contains the _______ ______ (sensory fibers), _______ ________ (motor fibers), and ________ _______ (motor fibers) |
funiculi
dorsal horn lateral horn anterior horn |
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Which major sensory tract of the spinal nerves carry info about discriminative touch, pressure, and proprioception to the brainstem?
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dorsal columns
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Which major sensory tract of the spinal nerves carries info about pain, temperature and gross touch (as opposed to discriminative touch)?
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spinothalamic tract
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Which major sensory tract of the spinal nerves carries primarily proprioceptive info from the grey matter of the spinal cord to the cerebellum?
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spinocerebellar tracts
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Which major motor tract of the spinal cord is the largest?
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lateral corticospinal tract
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Which three major motor tracts of the spinal nerves control LMNs that innervate extensor muscles?
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lateral corticospinal tract
anterior corticospinal tract lateral vestibulospinal tract |
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Which major motor tract of the spinal nerves controls the LMNs that innervate flexor muscles in the extremities?
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rubrospinal tract
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