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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anger
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emotion of displeasure aroused by a threat overt (explicit) or covert (hidden) wrongdoing, attack, or offense
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display rules
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patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a particular culture, age, or social group
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emotion
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an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioural or emotional expression
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emotion recognition
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the process of identification, description, and explanation of an emotional expression
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evaluations of emotions
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an individual assessment of emotions according to certain criteria or principles
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feeling rules
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particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations
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preceding events
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the environmental circumstances and individual reactions that have a strong impact on particular emotional experiences
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stress
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perception of a continuous challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands
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aggressive motivation
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the desire to harm or injure others
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arousal theories
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motivational theories based on an assumption that people seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by actively changing their exposure to arousing stimuli
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collectivist-success motivation
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a type of achievement motivation that directs a person to connect with others; the individual's contribution is seen as beneficial to the members of a particular group or society in general
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drive
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an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy some physiological need
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extrinsic motivation
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a type of motivation that engages people in various activities for a particular reward
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individualist-success motivation
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a type of achievement motivation that affects one's attitudes and actions and is directed toward the attainment of personal goals
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instinct
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a relatively complex, inherited behaviour pattern characteristic of a species
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intrinsic motivation
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a type of motivation that engages people in various activities for no apparent reward except the pleasure and satisfaction of the activity itself
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motivation
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the psychological process that arouses, directs, and maintains behaviour
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need
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a motivated state caused by physiological deprivation (such as a lack of food or water)
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need for achievement
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a social need that directs people to strive constantly for excellence and success
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self-actualization
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a final level of psychological development in which individuals strive to realize their uniquely human potential to achieve everything they are capable of achieving
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sex culture
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a set of requirement, beliefs, symbols, and norms regarding sexuality and its expression
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sexual motivation
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a type of motivation that engages the individual in sexual activity
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anxiety disorders
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a category of mental disorders characterized by persistent anxiety or fears
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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a developmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and restlessness of the child
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central symptoms
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symptoms of mental disorders observable in practically all cultures
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culture-bound syndromes
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recurrent, locally specific patterns of aberrant behaviour and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category; generally limited to specific societies or areas and indicate repetitive and troubling sets of experiences and observations
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depressive disorder
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a category of psychological disorders characterized by a profound and persistent feeling of sadness or despair, guilt, loss of interest in things that were once pleasurable, and disturbance in sleep and appetite
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melancholy
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the most common label used in many countries in the past for symptoms known today as depression
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mental disorder
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a clinically significant behavioral and psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (a painful syndrome) or disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom
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peripheral symptoms
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symptoms of mental disorders that are culture-specific
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personality disorders
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enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture
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psychotherapy
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the treatment of psychological disorders through psychological means, generally involving verbal interaction with a professional therapist
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relativist perspective
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a view of psychological disorders, according to which human beings develop ideas, establish behavioral norms, and learn emotional responses according to a set of cultural prescriptions; therefore, people from different cultural settings should understand psychological disorders differently, and the differences should be significant
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schizophrenia
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a disorder characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior
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tolerance threshold
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a measure of tolerance or intolerance toward specific personality traits in a specific cultural environment
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universalist perspective
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a view of psychological disorders, according to which people, despite cultural differences, share a great number of similar features, including attitudes, values, and behavioral responses
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acculturation
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considered in the context of immigration, the process of an individual's adjustment to a new culture
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censorship
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the restrictive practice of reviewing and determining what is appropriate for publication or broadcasting- according to moral, ideological, or political considerations
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counseling
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the act of providing psychological direction or advice as to a decision or course of action
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organization development
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a set of planned changes targeting at improving organizational and individual performance and well-being in a private business or government company; means the creation of an atmosphere that incorporates cultural and cross-cultural knowledge into the work process to increase both the overall efficiency and psychological satisfaction in the workplace
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refugee
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one who has left one's native country and is unwilling or unable to return to it because of persecution or fear of persecution (because of race, religion, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion)
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spirituality
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a broad range of phenomena concerning "nonmaterial" matters related to faith, trust, and hope, in contrast to "material" matters related to ownership, accumulation of possessions, and competition; emphasizes mind over matter, being over having, and mental effort over physical action
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James-Lange theory
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emotion is embedded into bodily experience; the physical experience leads the person to feel aroused, and the arousal stimulates the subjective experience of anxiety, joy, etc.
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Cannon-Bard theory
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various life situations can elicit both an emotional experience, such as disgust or fear, and bodily responses, such as increased blood pressure or sweaty palms
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Schachter-Singer theory
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there are two crucial elements of emotional experience- physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of this arousal; in every emotion we first experience a state of physiological arousal, then we try to explain to ourselves what the arousal means
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Darwin's view
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basic human emotional expressions are similar because they serve an adaptive purpose; both animals and humans signal their readiness or willingness to help, fight, or run through gestures, postures, and facial expressions; emotions regulate social behavior and may protect people from danger
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jealousy
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an indication of one's anxiety of being supplanted, or left without care or affection from another person
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sociobiological approach
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the struggle for survival within the human species motivates people to compete for scarce resources, and those who lack motivation to compete will fail
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social reflexes
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universal for all people in all cultures; cause humans to act purposefully, overthrow governments, write music, and commit crimes
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destructive instincts
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possessed by all humans; convert into behaviors of the big crowd (ex: rioters are driven by their destructive impulses)
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social contagion
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makes the intentions of one person easily spread through the group
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G. Tarde (sociobiological)
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everything in human behavior is the result of the natural process of imitation; different social conditions (national traditions, customs, and norms) are maintained because of people's natural instinct of imitation
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sociological approach
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emphasizes the crucial role of social factors in determining individual motivation
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Weber (sociological)
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there are 2 types of societies- preindustrial/traditional (people's desires and actions are viewed as appropriate and inappropriate on the basis of their links (or lack thereof) to the existing customs and rules), and industrial/nontraditional (people are motivated by rationality and by scarcity and value of time)
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Marx (sociological)
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an economic condition of inequality activates human needs; oppressed want their share of the resources, oppressors want to keep the status quo
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biological needs
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universal needs; direct human behavior toward self-preservation
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social needs
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needs that direct people toward establishing and maintaining relationships
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drive theories
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theories that people across countries come to value what they don't have; goal of behavior is to attain a state of stability or balance within the individual; stimuli (ex: hunger, pain) energize and initiate our behavior
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arousal theories
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theories that suggest that people seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by actively changing their exposure to arousing stimuli
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psychodynamic approach
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central concept is the unconscious; all humans are born with two basic drives: the life instinct (all the tendencies that strive toward the integration of a living substance) and the death wish (all the tendencies toward aggression and death)
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humanistic theories
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focus on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth
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Maslow (humanistic)
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humans have a number of innate needs that are arranged in a hierarchy in terms of their potency (physiological, safety, belonging and need, esteem, self-actualization)
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cognitive theories
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theories that maintain that people are aware of their thought patterns and therefore can control their motivation and behavior; people learn what they want and how to achieve rewards, mastery, and affiliation
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task orientation
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involves the goal of developing one's ability to learn and grow
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ego orientation
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implies illustrating one's superiority over others
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pathologization
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assigning pathological characteristics to ordinary, nonpathological psychological phenomena
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imposed solution
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every solution will benefit one party and harm the other
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distributive solution
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offers proposals that are midway between the initial positions of both (or all) conflicting parties
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integrative solution
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both sides can benefit simultaneously, without losing anything substantial
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balanced representation
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refers to the degree to which an ethnic group's population is commensurate with the amount of time they are represented on TV and other forms of media
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assimilation
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individuals' acceptance of the customs and values of their new culture and subsequent rejection or abandonment of the behaviors and values of their old culture
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integration
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the acceptance of the major features of both cultures
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marginalization
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the rejection of both cultures
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political censorship
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defenders of this form of censorship argue that restrictions on info are necessary to protect social order and stability
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ideological censorship
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various societal institutions (organized religion, government) establish principles about the society's past, present, and future; info that challenges these principles is prohibited from publication
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moral censorship
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local communities develop particular informal standards of morality and decency; in addition, some laws prescribe the standards to be followed in communications among businesses, institutions, and the media
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