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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is "Macro"?
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o The social structure is more than that just parts
o When you look at body, and you see a whole, when you look under a microscope, you wont be able to recognize yourself. o Doesn’t influence individual behavior, not a simple relationship |
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Concentrated Disadvantaged (Macro Level)
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o Resource deprivation
o Racial inequality o Everything is hard, these types of situations breeds crime |
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Social Disorganization
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o Collective efficacy
• Have you shit together, that you can devote energy to come together with members of community to do, you know you community members o Divorced males • Also helping explain how individuals struggle. Or female lead households |
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Demographics (ways to categorize a large population)
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o Population structure (density, age structure)
• Population density has been linked to homicide rates, greater density, more homicides. • Age structure, late teens early twenties most active o Also gender • Important in homicides because males commit the most murder |
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Cultural factors
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o Southern culture of violence.
o Norms and values • What we agree on, what we know what we should do. • Our criminal law is an expression of our norms and values Not a full overlap Underage drinking Marijuana consumption • Help foster group mentality |
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How can we explain variations in homicide rates around the world?
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o Socio cultural factors have the strongest influence on homicide rates
• Machismo and political violence promote homicide • Communitarian values and paternalistic governments limit homicide |
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Poverty, inequality, ethnic composition, youth population about age 15, and divorce are
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positively linked to homicide rates
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Development, modernization, and education are
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negatively linked to homicide.
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Violence as culture
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• People internalize values and beliefs through learning
• Values and beliefs foster group identity • Importance of cultural variation and power of conformity o In-group/ out-group o Culture conflict |
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Wolfgang and Feracutti (1967) Main argument:
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groups with the highest homicide rates hold values and beliefs that promote the use of violence
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High Homicide prevalence areas are different in terms of:
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o Importance of human life, expected reactions to stimuli, perception of stimuli, general personality structure.
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Nisbett and Cohen (1996) main argument:
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o Main argument: The American South has higher levels of violence than the north because of a culture based on honor.
o Dispute related homicides more so than norm, young men, mostly white men o Historical cultural • Scot Irish, herding culture o Higher chance of responding with anger • Favored values are: o Autonomy, reputation, military skills, gun ownership. |
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Life circumstances in the ghetto:
(Code of the Streets) |
o Lack of living-wage jobs
o Stigma of race o Drugs • All of this leads to alienation and hopelessness • Leading to oppositional culture • The code of the streets |
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Origins of the code
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• Adaptation to a profound lack of faith in the criminal justice system
• This leads to contempt and rejection • Mainstream society has done nothing for them, thus the code if a way to insure it can do nothing to them. • This creates a vicious cycle, a self-fulfilling prophecy between middle-class and the poor inner-city |
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Street vs Decent
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• Majority of families are “decent” families
• Nonetheless, everybody has to know “street” values when growing up in such a neighborhood o “Street” values are defensive |
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Code of the Streets
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set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior, including violence”
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Respect (code of the Streets)
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• Being treated “right”
• Respect is hard earned yet easily lost • Respect is conveyed through behavior but also appearance • Allows those who “go for bad”, those who are looking for occasions to express aggressive tendencies, to rule the streets • Socialization into the code starts early on • Respect is “campaigned for” |
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Keeping up appearances
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The Code involves the presentation of self
---Display of a certain predisposition to violence ------Based on facial expressions, gait, verbal expressions, as well as clothing, grooming, etc. ----Because respect is campaigned for, it is never acquired, always defended and conquered ----Respect means manhood ----This is done by showing “nerve” ----All of this is wroth dying for |
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Girls and respect
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Different issues
----Competition centers on physical beauty and gossip ----They can ask the men to fight for them but they increasingly tend to fight for themselves ----They however do not use guns |
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How do we become who we are?
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• As a species
o We evolved • As individuals o We are born from parents o Then raised by parents o In a given group |
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Biosocial approaches
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• Nature via nurture instead of nature vs. nurture
• Behavior, traits, characteristics of living beings are the result of interaction between biological and environmental factors • Understanding how we have this combination nature via nurture o Evolutionary psychology o Behavior genetics o Neuroscience |
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The ultimate goal of life in an evolutionary perspective is reproductive success, which can be achieve one of two ways:
(Evolutionary psychology and criminal behavior) |
Parenting effort and Mating effort
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Parenting effort:
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the proportion of reproductive effort invested in rearing offspring
o Humans invest more in parenting effort than any other species, but there is considerable variation within the species |
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Mating effort:
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the proportion of reproductive effort invested in acquiring sexual partners
o An excessive focus on mating effort is associated with a higher risk of antisocial activity. • The purpose of life is life itself. |
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Cheating: a way of acquiring resources illegitimately
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o Cheating can be rational if the benefits outweigh the costs, but this only tends to be the case in circumstances of limited interaction and communication
o In other circumstances, it is to people’s benefit to be cooperative o Crime is a cheating behavior, and potential beneficial o But cheating behavior can also be bad |
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The Swedish twin study
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• Heredity and environmental predisposition factors together explain 40% of criminal behavior
• Only genetic factors explain 12% of criminal behavior • Bad family environment only explained 6.7% of criminal behavior • None of the factors present lead to 2.9% criminal behavior |
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Most violence is adolescence limited and not linked to previous violence
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o Adolescents go through rapid physical, hormonal, and intellectual change
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Some delinquents, however, persists, and show a link between adult and youth violence
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o Aggression is the most extreme between 2 and 4 years old
o In some, that aggression does not get appropriately controlled. |
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What explains aggression in pre school years?
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o Not peers
o Older siblings • Birth order • Born first have a certain sets of characteristics Speak earlier Source of target of aggression by younger siblings • Second born tend to speak later Socialized by older siblings o Parents separated before birth o Low income o Mother’s antisocial behavior in adolescence o Giving birth before 21 • Studies have shown to ensure success the single best thing that someone can do is to wait until they are older to have children • Pregnancy between 15-19 carrying twice the risk for the women and the fetus o Dropping out of high school o Smoking during pregnancy o Parental dysfunction o Coercive/hostile mothering style |
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The Terrible two's
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• Child development involves frustrations
• Learning to delay gratification and to express oneself is key to lowering aggression • Genetic factors are very important predictors of aggression levels in toddles • Environmental factors are the necessary trigger to these genetic factors o Those who learn how to speak earlier is easier to maintain frustration levels down |
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Neuroscience:
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Acknowledges that the experiences we encounter largely determine the patterns of our neuronal connections, and thus our ability to successfully navigate our lives (Quartz & Segnowski)
• “Experience in adults alters the organized brain, but in infants and children it organizes the developing brain.” |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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o In the brain stem
o Involuntary regulation of visceral functions • (heart rate, digestion, breathing, salivation, perspiration, pupils dilation, sexual arousal, etc.) Includes: • Quick response mobilizing system (sympathetic nervous system) • A slow response dampening system (parasympathetic nervous system) |
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Crime is linked to low arousal (faulty sympathetic nervous system)
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• Fearlessness
• Stimulation-seeking Quick response mobilizing system (sympathetic nervous system) |
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Brain Injury to the prefrontal Cortex
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• Regulates who we are as a conscious, rational being
• Can lead to a variety of personality transfers, including the possibility of violent behavior |
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Phinneas Gage, 1848
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Working on railroad track while trying to put a railroad spike they were exploding things, there was a mishap, spike went into his head and he survived, led to behavior modification
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Brain Injury to the Orbital Cortex-amygdala
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• Regulates how we react to ethical dilemmas, our sense of empathy
• Charles Whitman, the Texas Sniper, 1966 “I have felt like I had overwhelming violent impulses” |
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Violence on Television
(External influences on our personalities) |
o Aggressive individuals are more susceptible to television violence
• But this might be because their aggressive tendencies dictate their television choices |
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Longitudinal studies showed that television violence preceded violent behavior?
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• These however do not take into consideration that fact that violence peaks around 2 years old.
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