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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
T or F: Public opinion affects the criminal justice system |
True |
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Who is Trayvon Martin? |
In 2013 a not guilty verdict for George Zimmerman - sparked discussion about gender & racial lines as well as how police interact with young black males |
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Who is Tony Robinson? |
Officer Kenny responded to a call, Robinson attacked him and Kenny fired his weapon 7 times. Robinson had used illicit substances prior to the event. |
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What is mala in se? |
means offenses are wrong in and of itself |
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What is mala prohibita? |
prohibited by government, society determined them to be wrong "victimless crimes" |
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What are the goals of criminal justice? |
Doing justice, control crime, prevent crime |
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What is federalism? |
Split laws/rulings between federal and state government |
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Rise when has the role of the federal government increased? |
1960's |
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What does exchange mean in the Cj system? |
mutual transaction of resources, all subsystems work together |
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What is social contact theory? |
- Means the society gives up some of its right to a higher power (the gov) - Questions how society originated and how authority of the state over the individual was legitimized |
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What is resource dependance in the CJ system? |
Departments work and depend on each other (ex: funding) |
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What are Sequential tasks? |
Means theres an order for what we do (arrest, prosecution, incarceration) |
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What is filtering in the CJ system? |
taking people out of the system, deciding who doesnt need to be convicted/charged |
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What are the 3 major agencies of the CJ system? |
Police, courts, corrections |
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What are the 4 major duties of the police? |
Keeping the peace, apprehending violators and combating crime, preventing crime, providing social services |
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What is the dual court system ? |
Federal & state courts |
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How many adults are under correctional supervision? |
7 million adults |
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What percent of convicted offenders are incarcerated? |
30% |
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What percent of convicted offenders are supervised through probation and parole? |
70% |
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What is the flow of decision in the system? |
Police, Prosecution, Courts and corrections |
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What is the CJ Wedding cake? |
Layer 1 - High media attention cases Layer 2 - Serious felonies Layer 3 - Less serious felonies Layer 4 - misdemeanors |
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What percent of crimes are misdemeanors? |
90% |
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What is the crime control model and its goal? |
Emphasizes police and prosecution discretion, plea bargaining Goal: Use discretion, filter people out of the system |
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What is the due process model and its goal? |
Do not filter people out because that can lead to discrimination Goal: Preserve individual liberties |
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What is disparity in the CJ system? |
Has to do with differences between groups that apply discrimination - legitimate factors |
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what is discrimination in the CJ system? |
Happens when groups are differently treated not based on behavior |
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What is crime as a violation of norms? |
Not typical, devient of social behavior |
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What is crime as an ethical violation? |
Involves societies moral principles |
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What is crime as social construction? |
Because we use morals, we construct what it means to violate a crime |
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What is crime as a social justice issue? |
Sustainable justice in the system |
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What is visible crime? |
- Street crime and ordinary crime - 3 categories: Violent crime, property crime, and public-order crime |
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What is occupational crime? |
- Offenses conducted in legal or business occupation |
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What is organized crime? |
- Purpose is to make profit through illegal activities - Typically cross state and national borders |
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What is transitional crime? |
- Crimes crossing country borders - 3 categories: Provision of illicit goods, provision of illegal services, infiltration of business in government - Problem: US has to work with other countries |
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What is victimless crime? |
- Involves willing and private exchange of services/goods - Offenses against morality |
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What is political crime? |
- Criminal acts by the government or against the government |
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what is cyber crimes? |
- Use of computers and the internet to commit acts |
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What are crime typologies? |
The framework for understanding different types of crimes that exist Used to focus research on specific causes of crimes Used to make policies /laws for different categories |
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What is violent crime? |
Murder, Manslaughter, Negligent homicide, serial killings |
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What is the difference between assault vs battery? |
Assault is intent to inflict harm, battery is the completion of the intent |
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T or F: There has been a general decline in crime rates since the 1980's |
True |
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What is the dark figure of crime? |
Crime that is not measured |
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What are the uniform crime reports (UCR)? |
- Numerical summary of crimes reported to police - only solved ones - Data obtained from network of federal, state and local law enforcement agencies - Includes Data on age, race & other characteristics - Only covers 29 crime types - Voluntary reporting |
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What is the national crime victimization survey? |
- Can be used to track serial or repeat victimization - Self-reported - Interviews conducted each year, same people interviewed 2x year for 3 years |
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What crime trend did the NCVS show? |
Rate of victimization has decreased over past decade |
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What crime trends did the UCR show? |
- Decline in property and violent crime - Decline crack cocaine use |
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Who is victimized? |
- youths, women, nonwhites - low income population in city |
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What are the costs of crime? |
Economic costs, psychological and emotional costs, and the costs of operating the criminal justice system |
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what percent of victims who experiences socio-emotional problems obtained victim services? |
12% |
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What is the classical school theory? |
- Accountability - Need for punishment severe enough to deter others |
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What is the positivist theory? |
Tailor punishment to an offenders individual needs |
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What is the biological explanation for crime? |
Physiological and neurological factors may predispose a person to commit crime |
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What was Ceasare Lombroso's explanation for the cause of crime? |
Physical traits of offenders different from non-offenders |
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What was James Q. Wilson's explanation for the cause of crime? |
Biological factors may be a predisposition for criminal behaviors |
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What is the psychological explanation for crime? |
Psychoanalytic theory - link between criminal behavior to psychic conflict, personality repression, and innate impulses |
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What is social structure theory? |
Social class and criminal behavior related |
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What is anomie theory? |
weakened rules and norms in society than people are more likely to commit crime |
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What is strain theory? |
had to do with stress. stress makes you more likely to commit because not able to cope |
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What is social process theories? |
supposition that anybody has potential to become criminal |
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What are learning theories? |
crime is a learned behavior |
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What are control theories? |
When a person has no bonds to society they don't have as much to loose when they commit crimes |
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What are labeling theories? |
When people hear the they or their group commit crimes they inwardly take it and makes them commit more crime |
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What are critical theories? |
Those in power want to oppress those not in power |
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What are social conflict theories? |
Social groups may conflict, a group may be labeled as criminals |
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what are feminist theories? |
looked to explaining why women and other minorities commit crimes |
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What are life course theories? |
- Explain why/when offenders start their criminal history and what factors lead them to stop breaking the law |
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What did Moffitt study about life course theories? |
- Life course offenders: Usually have a reason in brain - Adolescent-limited offenders: try to be cool, more affected by social factors |
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What are integrated theories? |
- Combine different perspectives into a larger model - Criminologists debate whether multiple theories can be combined |
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What is rational choice theory? |
Offenders choose to do crime, they do it for a specific reason |
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What is deterrence theory? |
Punishment should be quick and proportional to the crime |
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What is routine activities theory? |
Motivated offender, vulnerable target, lack of capable guardians |