Craniometric Points

Front 1

Incision

Back 1

midline point at the occlusal surface where the upper central incisors meet

Front 2

Alveolare

Back 2

midline point at the inferior tip of the bony septum between the upper central incisors

Front 3

Prosthion

Back 3

midline point at the most anterior point on the alveolar process of the maxillae

Front 4

Nasiospinale

Back 4

the point where a line tangent to the inferiormost points of the two inferior curves of the anterior nasal aperture margin crosses the midline

Front 5

Rhinion

Back 5

midline point at the inferior free end of the internasal suture

Front 6

Nasion

Back 6

midline point where the two nasal bones and the frontal intersect

Front 7

Glabella

Back 7

most anterior midline point on the frontal bone, usually above the frontonasal suture

Front 8

Metopion

Back 8

an instrumentally determined, ectocranial midline point on the frontal where the elevation of the frontal above the chord from nasion to bregma is greatest

Front 9

Bregma

Back 9

the ectocranial point where the coronal and sagittal sutures intersect

Front 10

Apex

Back 10

an instrumentally determined, ectocranial midline point placed where a paracoronal plane through the right and left poria intersects the midsagittal skull outline

Front 11

Vertex

Back 11

Instrumentally determined when the skull is in Frankfurt Horizontal. It is the highest ectocranial point on the skull's midline

Front 12

Obelion

Back 12

ectocranial midline point where a line connecting the parietal foramina intersects the midline

Front 13

Lambda

Back 13

ectocranial midline point where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures intersect.

Front 14

Opisthocranion

Back 14

instrumentally determined midline ectocranial point at the farthest chord length from glabella

Front 15

Inion

Back 15

ectocranial midline point at the base of the external occipital protuberance

Front 16

Opisthion

Back 16

midline point at the posterior margin of the foramen magnum

Front 17

Basion

Back 17

midline point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum

Front 18

Sphenobasion

Back 18

point where the midsagittal plane intersects the basilar suture

Front 19

Hormion

Back 19

most posterior midline point on the vomer

Front 20

Alveolon

Back 20

point on the median palatine (intermaxillary) suture where a line drawn between the posterior ends of the alveolar ridges crosses the midline

Front 21

Staphylion

Back 21

point on the median palatine (intermaxillary) suture where a line drawn between the deepest parts of the notches at the rear of the palate crosses the midline

Front 22

Orale

Back 22

midline point on the hard palate where a line drawn tangent to the posterior margins of the central incisor alveoli crosses the midline

Front 23

Gnathion

Back 23

most inferior midline point on the mandible

Front 24

Pogonion

Back 24

most anterior midline point on the chin of the mandible

Front 25

Infradentale

Back 25

midline point at the superior tip of the suptum between the mandibular central incisors

Front 26

Zygomaxillare

Back 26

most inferior point on the zygomaticomaxillary suture

Front 27

Alare

Back 27

instrumentally determined as the most lateral point on the margin of the anterior nasal aperture

Front 28

Orbitale

Back 28

the lowest point on the orbital margin

Front 29

Zygion

Back 29

instrumentally determined point of maximum lateral extent of the lateral surface of the zygomatic arch

Front 30

Jugale

Back 30

point in the depth of the notch between the temporal and frontal processes of the zygomatic

Front 31

Ectoconchion

Back 31

instrumentally determined as the most lateral point on the orbital margin

Front 32

Maxillofrontale

Back 32

the point where the anterior lacrimal crest of the maxilla meets the frontomaxillary suture

Front 33

Lacrimale

Back 33

point where the posterior lacrimal crest meets the frontolacrimal suture

Front 34

Dacryon

Back 34

point where the maxillolacrimal suture meets the frontal bone

Front 35

Zygoorbitale

Back 35

the point where the orbital rim intersects the zygomaticomaxillary suture

Front 36

Frontomalare orbitale

Back 36

point where the frontozygomatic suture crosses the inner orbital rim

Front 37

Frontomalare temporale

Back 37

point where the frontozygomatic suture crosses the temporal line (outer orbital rim)

Front 38

Frontotemporale

Back 38

point where the temporal line reaches its most anteromedial position on the frontal

Front 39

Stephanion

Back 39

point where the coronal suture crosses the temporal line

Front 40

Pterion

Back 40

region, where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid meet on the side of the vault.

Front 41

Coronale

Back 41

point on the coronal suture where the breadth of the frontal bone is greatest

Front 42

Euryon

Back 42

instrumentally determined ectocranial point of greatest cranial breadth

Front 43

Porion

Back 43

uppermost point on the margin of the external acoustic meatus

Front 44

Auriculare

Back 44

point vertically above the center of the external acoustic meatus at the root of the zygomatic process, a few millimeters above porion

Front 45

Asterion

Back 45

point where the lambdoid, parietomastoid, and occipitomastoid sutures meet

Front 46

Mastoidale

Back 46

most inferior point on the mastoid process

Front 47

Ectomolare

Back 47

most lateral point on the outer surface of the alveolar margins of the maxilla, often at second molar position

Front 48

Endomolare

Back 48

most medial point on the inner surface of the alveolar margin opposite the center of the M2 crown

Front 49

Condylion laterale

Back 49

most lateral point on the mandibular condyle

Front 50

Condylion superior

Back 50

most superior point on the mandibular condyle

Front 51

Condylion mediale

Back 51

most medial point on the mandibular condyle

Front 52

Coronion

Back 52

point at the tip of the coronoid process of the mandible

Front 53

Gonion

Back 53

point along the rounded posteroinferior corner of the mandible between the ramus and the body. Form an obtuse angle, line that bisects this meets the curved gonial edge at gonion

Front 54

Mentale

Back 54

most inferior part on the margin of the mandibular foramen