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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Key Correctional Goals of Corrections |
Punishment and Protection |
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Prison |
Institution for the incarceration of persons convicted of serious crimes |
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Jail |
Facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanors |
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5 Levels of Security of Prisons |
5. Super Maximum 4. Maximum 3. Medium 2. Minimum 1. Probation, Halfway House, etc. |
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Corrections |
The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses |
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Lex Talionis |
Law of retaliation; an eye for an eye; the principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense |
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Secular Law |
The law of the civil society, as distinguished from church law |
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Wergild |
"man money." Money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent a blood fued |
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Galley Slavery |
Forced rowing of large ships or galleys |
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House of Corrections |
Detention facility that combined the major elements of a workhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining inmates and setting them to work |
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Transportation |
The practice of banishing offenders from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony, such as Virginia, Australia, and New South Wales. (Vagrancy Act of 1597 in England) |
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Classical Criminology |
A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others |
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Utilitarianism |
Doctrine that states that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain. "The greatest good for the greatest number." The Hedonic Calculus (the pleasure/pain principle) is a key concept. |
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Bridewell House |
The first house of corrections, made in 1553. The objective was to instill a habit of industry more conductive to an honest lifestyle through discipline and work. Eventually, Bridewell failed. However, it impressed English reformer John Howard and it became the precursor to 19th Century prisons in America. |
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Values of the Enlightenment |
New popular beliefs in: rights of man, importance of individual, concept of free will, and limited role of government in order to protect rights |
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Cesare Beccaria |
Father of the Classical School of Criminology. Applied rationalist philosophy of Enlightenment to the Criminal Justice System. Wrote "Essays on Crime and Punishments" in 1764. |
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Classical School of Criminology: Beliefs |
Man has free will Crime is volitional (willed, intentional) Man can change his behavior Man should be punished in proportion to the severity of the crime he commits The basis of all social action should be the utilitarian concept: "the greatest good for the greatest number." |
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Principles of Classical School |
Sole justification for punishment is its utility - the safety it provides via crime prevention Punishment is for deterrence, not revenge Prevention > punishment Certainty/Swiftness > severity Advocated penal reforms: avoid torture, right to speedy trial and to present evidence, humane treatment, improve prison conditions, and classify offenders by age, sex, and degree of criminality |
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Jeremy Bentham |
Father of Utilitarianism. Wrote "Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" in 1789. Applied utilitarian theory to law and punishment. Law should assure that offenders will derive more pain from punishment than pleasure from crime. Advocated reforms: to prevent not avenge crime, eliminate barbarity and transportation, segregate by age, sex, and seriousness of crime in prison,and improve morals, health, and education of prisoners |
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John Howard |
A major English penal reformer. Wrote, "The State of Prisons in England and Wales," in 1777. Visited local facilities, hulks, and houses of corrections in Europe and was shocked by the conditions. Returned to England with ideas for reform. Wrote the "Penitentiary Act of 1779" |
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Drafted Penitentiary Act of 1779 |
Four Principles: 1. Secure and sanitary structures 2. Systematic inspections 3. Abolition of fees 4. Reformatory regimen Features: -Solitary cells at night -Hard labor in common rooms by day -Religious instruction and reflection |
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Microcosm |
Prison is a snapshot of society. Whatever happens on the streets happens in prison, only amplified. There are a lot of minorities and people of the poor population in prisons. |