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The Bobo doll experiment - Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961)
(Social learning theory)
Aims: -To examine the effect of continual influence on the model
-To examine if the sex of the model influenced same-sex and opposite-sex participants to a differing degree
Procedures: -36 male and 36 female participants, aged between 37-69 months
-Two adults, male and female, models.
-Eight experimental groups (six participants in each), half the groups observed aggressive behaviour from model and the others saw non-aggressive behaviour
-Participants were put in a room one at a time and observed models behaviour on the Bobo doll
Findings: -Children who observed aggressive behaviour acted more aggressively when observed
-Boys acted more aggressively than girls
-There was a greater level of imitation if the role model was the same gender as the
Conclusion: -There is a behavioural effect from observing aggressive behaviour and that this behaviour continues after a delay.
The case of "Little Albert" - John Watson & Rosalie Rayner (1920)
(Behavioural approach to explaining phobias)
Aims: -To provide evidence that human emotional responses could be learned through classsical conditioning.
Procedures: -A laboratory experiment was conducted with an 11 month old boy
-He was presented with various stimuli, including a white rat and some cotton wool, he showed no fear response
-A fear reaction was induced by striking a steel bar behind his head, which startled him and made him cry
-He was given the rat to play with, as he went to touch the rat, the bar was struck to frighten him
Findings: -When the rat was shown, Albert would cry and crawl away
-He had developed fear to similar stimuli such as white fur coats
Conclusions: -Conditioned emotional responses are acquired as a direct result of environmental experiences, which can transfer and persist unless removed by counter-conditioning
The role of discussions in changing opinion regarding a matter of fact - Arthur Jenness (1932)
(Conformity - ISI)
Aim: -To investigate whether individual judgements of jellybeans in a jar was influenced by discussions in groups
Procedures: -Participants made individual, private estimates of the number of jellybeans in a jar
-Participants then discussed their estimates either in a large group or in several smaller group
-After discussion, group estimates were created
-Participants then made a second individual, private estimate
Findings: -Typicality of opinion was increased, individuals' second private estimated tended to converge their group estimates
-The average change of opinion was greater among females
Conclusions: -The judgements of individuals are affected by majority opinions, in ambiguous or unfamiliar situations
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