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What is a cognitive process?
Doing something with your brain, such as thinking, problem solving, remembering, etc.
Who was Albert Bandura?
Developed Social Learning Theory. Which states that children observe and imitate the behavior of models. Their imitations are then rewarded or punished by society, resulting in them being pursued or curtailed.
This process has four steps:
- Attention: The behavior has to grab our attention.
- Retention: The behavior has to be remembered, or it cannot be imitated.
- Reproduction: Do we have the ability to imitate or reproduce the behavior?
- Motivation: Do we have the desire to imitate the behavior? Do the benefits outweigh the costs?
Who was Jerome Bruner?
Developed Constructivist Theory, which states that learning is an active process where students construct new ideas passed on their past knowledge and understanding.
Believed that learning should be constructed in a spiral manner, so that students could continue to build on what they already know.
Believed that teaching should be student focused.
Instruction should address four major areas:
1. Student's predisposition for learning.
2. How a body of knowledge can best be organized to make it as easy as possible for students to grasp.
3. The most effective sequence in which to present knowledge to a child.
4. The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments.
There are three principles with this theory:
1. Student Readiness: Teaching must account for student experiences and contexts that will make them want to learn.
2. Spiral Organization:
Instruction must be organized in a manner making it easy to grasp and to build on itself.
3. Go Beyond The Information Given Instruction should be designed to have students fill in the gaps, and go beyond the information given, to draw their own new conclusions.
Who was John Dewey?
Believed in pragmatism. Which is that students acquired knowledge by hands on learning, not be listening and observing.
He called his work The Theory of Inquiry.
Who was Jean Piaget?
Was fascinated by how children develop their ability to think. Believed that children think differently than adults, and were not just less competent at thinking the same way as adults. His theories dealt with children and how they learn and think differently than adults.
He believed that children develop and progress through a variety of world views, based on their maturity level, and biological development.
He believed that individuals then pushed through these world views, and on to new ones based on experiences and continued growth.
His theory had three major parts:
1. Schemas: Building blocks of knowledge.
2. Adaption Processes:
The the processes that allow an individual to transition from one stage to another.
3. Stages of development:
- Sensory motor: Birth - 2 years old
The main achievement during this stage
is object permanence - knowing that an
object still exists, even if it is hidden.It
requires the ability to form a mental
representation (i.e. a schema) of the
object.
- Preoperational 2-7 Years Old During this stage, young children are
able to think about things symbolically.
This is the ability to make one thing - a
word or an object - stand for something
other than itself.Thinking is
still egocentric, and the infant has
difficulty taking the viewpoint of others.
- Concrete operational Age 7-11 Piaget considered the concrete stage a
major turning point in the child's
cognitive development, because it marks
the beginning of logical or operational
thought.This means the child can work
things out internally in their head (rather
than physically try things out in the real
world).Children can conserve number
(age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9).
Conservation is the understanding that
something stays the same in quantity
even though its appearance changes
- Formal Operational
11 Years And Up The formal operational stage begins at
approximately age eleven and lasts into
adulthood. During this time, people
develop the ability to think about
abstract concepts, and logically test
hypotheses.
Schema:
A basic building block of the world. Forms our mental model of how the world works. These blocks contain closely interrelated information about how the world operates and functions.
Who was Lev Vygotsky
A Russian psychologist who died young. Did not finish his work. Believed that culture played a critical role in development.
Did not believe that Piaget's universal stages were correct. Instead he believed that each culture developed at a different rate and perhaps different stages.
Vygotsky believed that children developed knowledge together with their adult guides and social peers. Where as piaget mostly believed that students learn in predictable stages of development on their own.
Who was Lawrence Kohlberg?
Studied Moral Development using stories that pitted the needs of one person against the needs of another person. Asked children to identify whether the actions of people in these stories were right or wrong. Looked at how children of different ages answered and how they explained their answers.
Developed a series of stages that he believed all people must pass through in moral development.
- Level 1 Pre-Conventional Morality
0-9 Years Old We don't have morality. We depend upon
adults, and how they may reward or punish
us for our actions.
Child is good to avoid being punished.
Believe that if someone is punished, they
must have done wrong.
- Level 2 Conventional Morality
We internalize the morals and values of
trusted role models. We however do not
question or think about these morals for
ourselves. We merely follow them.
- Level 3 Post Conventional Morality
Morals based on self-chosen principles, and
judgments are based on rights of the
individual, and justice.
Who was Benjamin Bloom?
Developed Bloom's Taxonomy. Six levels of learning that build on one another and take students to a deeper level of thought and ability with a concept.
1. Recall
2. Grasp
3. Apply
4. Analyze
5. Synthesis
6. Judge
What is Metacognition?
Metacognition is thinking about one's own thinking. It is understanding one's own thought processes, and what drives oneself to think the way that they do.
What is a schema?
A schema is a block of related knowledge that help to form our world views. We all have many schema that combine to form our understanding of how the world functions and works.
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