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What are transition and transversion mutations?
Transition = purine-to-purine or pyrimidine-to-pyrimidineTransversion = purine-to-pyrimidine & vice versa
Sets of mutation-prone sequences with simple di-, tri-, or tetra-nucleotide sequences are known as _______ _______.
DNA microsatellites(e.g. CA)
The _______ removes wrongly incorporated nucleotides through a proofreading mechanism.
3'-5' exonuclease component of the replisome
The DNA _______ _______ _______ increases the accuracy of DNA synthesis by an additional two to three orders of magnitude.
mismatch repair system
In _______, mismatches are detected by the _______ mismatch repair protein MutS.
E. coli, dimerized
How does MutS recognize nucleotide mismatches?
By the distortion they cause in the DNA backbone.
After binding to the mismatched DNA, MutS...
...exhibits a conformational change, kinking the DNA and recruiting MutL to the DNA strand via ATPase activity.
What is the role of MutH?
MutH is an endonuclease activated by MutL that excises DNA during mismatch repair.
After nicking during mismatch repair...
...a helicase (UvrD) and one of three nucleases digest the mutated strand; DNA polymerase and ligase repair the gap.
How does E. coli distinguish the mutated vs. the original strand during DNA mismatch repair?
The template strand is methylated by Dam methylase.
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