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Classification of Nueral Reflexes
1) Efferent divison that controls the effector
- Somatic motor neurons control the skeletal muscles
- Autonomic neurons control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue
2) Integrating region within the central nervous system
- spinal reflexes do not require input from the brain
- cranial reflexes are integrated within the brain
3) Time at which the reflex develops
- innate (born) reflexes are genetically determined
- learned (conditioned) reflexes are acquired through experiences
4) The number of nuerons in the reflex pathway
- monosynaptic reflexes have only two neurons: one afferent and one efferent. ONLY somatic motor reflexes are monosynaptic
- polysynaptic reflexes include one or more interneurons between the afferent and efferent neurons. ALL autonomic reflexes are polysynaptic because they have three neurons: one afferent and two efferent
Autonomic Reflexes
- aka visceral reflexes
- involve internal organs of the body
- urination and defecation: spinal reflexes that do not need input from the brain
- integrated in the brain primarily in the hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem
- conversion of emotional stimulus into visceral responses
- polysynaptic reflexes
Brain stem and Autonomic Reflexes
- contains integrating centers for salvating, vomitting, sneexing, couging, swallowing, and gagging
Limbic System
- site of primitive drives such as sex, fear, rage, aggresion, and hunger
- called the visceral brain
- emotionally driven reflexes
- emotion linked autonomic reflexes: urination, defecation, blushing, blanching, piloerection
Tonic Activity
- continous stream of action potential that creates ongoing activity in the effector
Skeletal Muslce Reflex
- efferent nuerons respond in two ways: if contraction is appropriate, CNS activates somatic motor nuerons in the muslce fibers or if a muslce needs to be relaxed, sensory input activates inhibitory interneurons in the CNS
- relaxation of skeletal muscle results form the absence of excitatory input by the somatic motor neurons
Skeletal Muslce Reflexes Components
1) Sensory receptors aka: proprioceptors
- located in skeletal muscles, joint capsules and ligaments
- monitor the position of our limbs in space, our movement, and effort we exert in lifting objects
- input from proprioceptors go to the CNS through sensory neurons
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