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Describe how to test for primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols
Add 10 drops of the alcohol to 2cm cubed of acidified potassium dichromate in a boiling tube
Warm gently in a water bath
Observe colour change, if orange solution turns green, a primary or secondary will be present
Describe how to carry out a Fehling's or Benedict's test to rest for an aldehyde
Add 2cm cubed of Fehling's or Benedict's solution to a boiling tube
Add 5 drops of the aldehyde or ketone to the boiling tube
Put boiling tube in a hot water bath for a few minutes
The blue solution will give a red precipitate if an aldehyde is presentput
Describe how to use Tollens' reagent to test whether something is an aldehyde or ketone
Put 2cm cubed of 0.10 mol dm cubed silver nitrate in a boiling tube
Add a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide solution, a light brown precipitate will form
Add drops of dilute ammonia solution until the precipitate dissolves
Put the boiling tube in a hot water bath and add 10 drops of the aldehyde or ketone
Wait for a few minutes
A silver mirror will form on the sides of the boiling tube if an aldehyde is present
Describe how to test for alkenes
Add 2cm cubed of the unknown solution to a test tube
Add 2 cm cubed of bromine water to the test tube and shake
The orange solid will decolourise if alkenes are present
Describe how to test for carboxylic acids
Add 2cm cubed of the test solution to a test tube
Add a small spatula of solid sodium carbonate
If the solution fizzes, acid is present
Bubble the gas through limewater
If it turns cloudy, a carboxylic acid is present
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