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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What type of blood do arteries carry in systemic circulation?
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Oxygenated.
However, it carries deoxygenated blood in pulmonary circulation. |
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Walls of blood vessels are made up of three tunics. What are these layers and what are each made of?
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1) Tunica externa: CT
2) Tunica media: smooth musc. 3) Tunica interna: elastin, basement memb, and innermost simple squamous epithelium |
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T or F: Veins are capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs).
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True: Veins contain most of the blood in the circulatory system.
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What is the pressure which drives blood flow through systemic circulation caused by?
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Left ventricular contraction
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Where is stroke volume ejected?
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The aorta
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What is the formula to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure? What formula can estimate MAP?
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MAP = SV x HR X TPR
(stroke volume x heart rate x total peripheral resistance) ... This can be rewritten as CO x TPR. ... To estimate MAP...add diastolic pressure + 1/3(pulse pressure) |
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Pulse Pressure
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The pressure wave transmitted through the elastic walls of large arteries resulting from a left ventricular contraction. Can be detected by palpitation of the radial artery in the wrist.
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Total Peripheral Resistance
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The resistance to blood flow through the entire ARTERIOLE system. Determines the rate of blood flow.
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Hypertension
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Chronically elevated BP.
Essential- unclear, multifactorial causes Secondary- results from a condition |
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The body can detect changes in BP using stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors. What are these called? Where are they located.
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Barorecptors.
Located in the walls of the carotid artery and the aortic arch. |
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T or F: Vascular smooth muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers.
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False: VSM is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers only.
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T or F: Vasoconstriction on kidney arterioles increases BP.
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True! This minimizes urine production, decreasing urine output. Thus, more blood volume means a greater BP.
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T or F: A decrease in SV will increase BP.
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False.
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T or F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nerve activity will reduce cardiac output.
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True. This will reduce SV and heart rate, causing relaxation of arterial smooth muscle and reducing BP.
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T or F: The baroreceptor reflex is more sensitive to increases in BP.
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False. The baroreceptor is more sensitive to DECREASES in BP.
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Filtration
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Flow of plasma out of the capillaries and into the tissues.
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Absorption
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Flow of interstitial fluid into the capillaries.
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Hydrostatic Pressure
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Pressure in the capillaries
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T or F: Pressure rises as blood moves through the capillaries.
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False. Pressure FALLS as blood moves through the capillaries.
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Colloid Osmotic Pressure (Oncotic Pressure)
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The pressure created by diffusion of water form a fluid with a low osmolarity to a fluid with a higher osmolarity.
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T or F: Hydrostatic pressure drives filtration and osmotic pressure drives absorption.
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True
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Starling Forces
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Opposing hydrostatic and osmotic pressures which determine the DIRECTION of fluid motion at a specific region of a capillary.
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T or F: The higher BP at the arterial side of capillaries ensures that the Starling forces will promote net absorption of fluid from the capillaries.
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False. It will promote net filtration.
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T or F: At the venous end of the capillaries, the fall in BP promotes net reabsorption of fluid back into the capillaries.
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True. This reabsorption is driven by colloid osmotic pressure.
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T or F: The lymphatic system absorbs excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the vascular system.
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True.
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Oedema
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Excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues caused by excess filtration or by poor lymphatic drainage.
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T or F: Blood is the largest organ in the body.
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True
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What are the 4 components of blood?
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Plasma
RBC (erythrocytes) WBC (leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) |
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What is the fractional contribution of RBC compared to total blood volume known as?
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Hematocrit
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T or F: Erythrocytes are the most abundant cell type, contain hemoglobin, and have nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
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False: RBCs are the most abundant type of blood cell and do function to transport O2/CO2 in the blood. However, the do NOT have nuclei, mitochondria, or ribosomes.
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Anemia
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A decrease in O2 carrying capacity in the blood.
Can be caused by either a low hematocrit or by a normal hermatocrit with a low concentration of hemoglobin. |
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T or F: Anemia results in hypoxia, a condition in which there is insufficient CO2 to perform metabolic functions.
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False: Hypoxia is a condition in which there is insufficient 02 to perform metabolic functions.
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Which 3 subtypes of leukocytes participate in phagocytosis?
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Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Monocytes.
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Which subtype of WBCs releases hydrolytic enzymes and histamine?
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Basophils
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Lymphocytes are one of five subtypes of WBCs. What are the three subtypes of lymphocytes?
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B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells.
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What do B lymphocytes mature into?
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Plasma cells which secrete antibodies.
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What are the two types of T lymphocytes?
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Helper T cells: secrete cytokins which activate other leukocytes &
Cytotoxic T cells: secrete factors that kill virus-infected and tumor cells |
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What do Natural Killer cells secrete?
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Also secrete factors that kill virus and tumor cells, like cytotocix T cells do.
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What do platelets help do?
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Platelets participate in the arresting of blood loss to maintain haemostasis.
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What are the 3 steps of haemostasis?
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1) Vascular Spasm
2) Formation of platelet plug 3) Formation of a blood clot |
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What is the coagulation cascade?
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Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.
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