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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the purpose of neutrophils?
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to kill microorganisms.
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how many neuts do we make per day?
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100million/mg body weight
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what are the bone marrow compartments that seperate maturation phases of neuts?
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Mitotic: blast through myelocytes. can divide up to the myelocyte.
Maturation: metas, bands, neuts |
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what 3 parts is the Total Circulating Granulocyte Pool broken down into?
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1. Marginal pool
2. Circulating pool 50/50 3. Tissue pool |
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where is the marginal pool?
circulatin? |
marginal hangs out at the edge of vessels, endothelium
circulating is what we count. |
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what cells from the TCGP probably go to the tissue pool?
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marginating - closer to edge, diapedesis is easier for them.
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What are 5 normal causes of neutrophil increase?
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1. Time of day - low in AM usly.
2. Extreme stress 3. Temp extremes 4. Strenuous Exercise 5. Epinephrine |
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What are 5 abnormal, pathologic causes of neut increase?
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1. Infeciton
2. Hematologic disorders 3. Tissue breakdown 4. Drugs/toxins 5. Leukemoid reaction |
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3 conditions associated with decreased neutrophils:
(why you would see the decr) |
1. Accel use/loss of neuts
2. Diminished production 3. Absence of production |
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What is accelerated use or loss of neutrophils a hallmark of?
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recurring bacterial infection
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what is agranulocytosis?
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a very low WBC neut count - less than 500/uL. inhibits normal immunologic function.
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what is the function of neuts?
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to engulf and kill microorganisms
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what are the functional activities of neutrophils?
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-degranulation within phagosomes formed in vacuoles
-phagocytosis -opsonization -chemotaxis |
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what is the normal blood:tissue ratio of monocytes?
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1:400
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after they're released from the bone marrow, can monocytes continue to divide? why?
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yes; they still have nucleoli; can become giant cells.
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what are specialized macrophages in the
-liver -spleen -thymus -kidney -bone marrow -pancreas -lungs |
liver = kuppfer cells
spleen = littoral cells thymus = dendritic cells kidney - glomerular mesangial b. marrow = nurse pancreas = langerhans cells lungs = alveolar macrophages. |
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what are 3 conditions associated with decreased monocytes?
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Aplastic anemia
Hairy cell leukemia Glucocortioids |
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what are 6 conditions associated with increased monocytes?
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hematologic disorders
inflamm. immune disorders acute bacterial infections CMV/TB SBE Syphilis |
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What are the 5 functions of monocytes?
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1. Phagocytosis/digestion
2. secretion of chemicals 3. immunity - Ag presentation 4. Cytotoxicity 5. Tissue spcf functions |
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what are the tissue spcf functions of macrophages in:
-spleen -bone marrow -liver |
Spleen: littoral cells keep iron in the form of hemosiderin.
B. marrow: ingest nonfunctional cells. Liver: secrete cytokines when Kuppfer cells are stimulated. |
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what are 2 markers on monocytes?
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CD 14
NSE |
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what are 3 hereditary conditions that affect WBC morphology?
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pelger-huet
alder-reilly may-hegglin all are anomalies that are genetically inheritted. |
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What is Pelger-Huet Syndrome?
What can it look similar to? |
Pince-nez neutrophils with 70% having bilobed nuclei; but still normal function.
May look like shift to left |
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What is Pelgeroid?
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Myelodysplastic syndrome that has bilobed nuclei of neutrophils, but hypogranulation and only seen in a few cells, not 70%.
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What is Alder-reilly anomaly?
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condition where azurophilic (primary) granules are very large in monos, grans, lymphs.
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what are the granules in alder-reilly made of?
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muccopolysaccharide
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what is may-hegglin anomaly?
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disease where platelets are gigantic and cells have blue bodies that look like doehle bodies; also thrombocytopenia.
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what disorder may result from may-hegglin?
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bleeding disorder.
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what are 6 toxic alterations due to neutrophil response to noxious stimulus?
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Dohle bodies
Hypersegmentation degranulation toxic gran shift to left toxic vacuolization |
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what are dohle bodies?
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pale blue inclusions, persistant RNA because maturation was cut short when the cells were called from the bmarrow
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what occurs in the o2-dependent killing mechanism?
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NADPH oxidase causes a respiratory burst; results in superoxide and peroxide, which react w/ myeloperoxidase to form bleach.
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what are active oxygen metabolites?
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superoxide and peroxide.
react w/ myeloperoxidase, produce bleach. |
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whats the blood:tissue ratio of:
-eosinophils -basophils -monocytes |
eos: 1:200
basos; varies, most are at the body linings. monos: 1:400 |
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what causes eosinophilia?
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parasites
allergies chronic skin infection granulocytic leukemia |
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what causes decreased eosinophils?
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steroids - inhibit release of cells from marrow
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what is the eosinophil function?
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1. modulate immediate hypersensitivity reactions
2. modulate parasite infection 3. Bacteriocidal |
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what is in eosinophil granules?
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major basic protein
histaminase |
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what do basophils increase for?
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Allergy/inflammation
Myeloproliferative disorders Neoplasms |
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what is the function of basophils?
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as a vasoactivator
as a bronchoinhibitor |
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what is in the granules of basophils?
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Histamine
Heparine |
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what's the difference between a monocyte and macrophage?
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monos = in circulation
macro = in tissue |
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what is the MPS and RES?
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-cells capable of phagocytosis - macrophages and monocytes.
-freely circulating or fixed in specific tissues. |
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What is the function of the RES?
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-To remove senescent cells from circulation adn provide phagocytic cells for inflammatory and immune response.
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what are four inherited syndromes of neutrophils, and which are autosomal?
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1. Chediak Hegashi - autosomal recessive
2. Pelger-Huet - autosomal dominant. 3. May-Hegglin - autosomal dominant 4. Alder-reilly - dominant. |
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what are 2 other granulocyte disease?
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-Chronic granulomatous disease - seen in young boys, no respiratory burst, must form granulomas to contain microbe.
-Lazy Leukocyte: no chemotaxis |
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What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
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syndrome where primary and secondary granules fuse - very large and dark. Ineffective.
Succomb to bacterial infection. |
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What is Pelger-Huet Syndrome?
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nucleus of neutrophils does not segment; bilobed, pince-nez.
Normal function, seen in at least 70% of the PMNS. |
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What is Pelgeroid syndrome?
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similar pincenez is seen, but only in a few cells. also hypogranular production.
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what is Alder-Reilly?
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Syndrome where azurophilic granules are very large, and contain muccopolysaccharide.
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What is May-Hegglin syndrome?
what other disorder accompanies? |
syndrome where platelets are GIANT; they are blue inclusions that resemble dohle bodies.
Often see thrombocytopenia. |