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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Absolute zero-
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lowest possible temperature that any substance can have; the temp. at which the atoms of a substance have their minimum kinestic energy. The temp. of absolute zero is -273.15 C which is -459.7 F and 0 K
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Avogadro’s Number
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- 6.02 * 10 ^23 molecules (anything) (1 mol)
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Atom
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- smallest particle of an element
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Antinode-
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any part of a standing wave with max. displacement and max energy
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Angle of refraction-
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between refracted ray and the normal to the surface at which its refracted
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Angle of reflection-
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“ “ between the reflected ray and the normal to the surface of reflection
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Angle of Incidence
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- Angle between the incidence ray and the normal to the surface it encounters
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Ampere:
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unit of electric current
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Alternating Current:
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Electric current that rapidly reverses in direction. The electric charges vibrate about relatively fixed positions usually at the rate of 60 hertz
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Alpha Particle
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– two neutrons two protons ejected by a nucleus
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Additive Primary Colors:
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Three colors of light red blue and green that when added in certain proportions will produce any color of the spectrum
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Acoustics-
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study of the properties of sound, especially its transmission
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Absorption Spectrum-
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Continuous spectrum like that gerenated by white light, interrupted by dark lines or bamds tat result from the absorption of light of certain frequencies by a substance through which the light passes.
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conductor-
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material through which heat can be transferred material usually a metal through which electric charge can flow good conductors of heat are generally good electric charge conductors
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conduction-
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in heat energy transfer from particle to particle within certain materials or from one material to another when the two are in DIRECT CONTACT in electricity the flow electric charge through a conductor
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condensation-
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change of phase of a gas into a liquid,
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concave mirror-
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mirror that curves inward like a cave
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compression (in sound)-
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in sound the region of increased pressure in a longitudinal wave
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compound-
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chemical substance made of atoms of two or more different elements combined in a fixed position
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circuit breaker-
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device in an electric circuit that breaks the circuit when the current gets high enough to risk causing a fire
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circuit-
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any complete path along which electric charge can flow
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charging by induction-
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redistribution of electric charges in and on objects cause by the electrical influence of a charged object close by but not in contact
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charging by contact-
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transfer of electric charge between objects by rubbing or simple touching
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chain reaction-
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self sustaining reaction that, once started steadily provides the energy and matter necessary to continue the reaction
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Celsius scale-
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temperature scale that assigns 0 to the melt freeze point for water and 100 to the boil-condense point of water at standard pressure
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calorie-
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unit of heat. One calorie is the heat required to raise the temp of one gram of water 1 celsius degree. Once calorie with a capital C is equal to one thousand calories and is the unit used in describing the energy available from food also kilocalorie
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boiling-
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change from liquid to gas occurring beneath the surface of the liquid; rapid vaporization. The liquid loses energy the gas gains it
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beta particle-
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electron emitted during radioactive decay of certain nuclei
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Doppler effect-
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change in frequency of a wave of sound or light due to the motion of the source or the receiver. Red shift blue shift
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direct current
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-electric current whose flow of charge is always in one direction
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diffraction-
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bending of light that passes around an obstacle or through a narrow slit, causing the light to spread and to produce light and dark fringes
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deuterium-
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isotope of hydrogen whose atom has a proton a neutron and an electron the common isotope of hydrogen has only a proton and an electron therefore deuterium has more mass
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destructive interference-
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combination of waves so that crest parts of one wave overlap trough parts of another, resulting in a wave of decreased amplitude
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de Broglie matter waves-
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all particles have wave properties in de broglies equation, the product of momentum and wavelength equals plank’s constant
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cyclotron-
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particle accelerator
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critical mass-
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minimum mass of fissionable material in a nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb that will sustain a chain reaction. A subcritical mass is one in which the cahin reaction dies out. A supercritical mass is one in which the chaine reaction builds up explosively
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crest-
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part of a ave where the disturbance is highest at greates
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convex mirror-
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mirror that curves outward the virtual image formed is smaller and closer to the mirror than the object
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convection-
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means of heat transfer by movement of heated substances itself such as by currents in a fluid.
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constructive interference-
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combination of waves so that two or more waves overlap to produce a reslting wave of increased amplitude (interference)
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convection
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- means of heat transfer by movement of heated substances itself such as by currents in a fluid.
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convex mirror-
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mirror that curves outward
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crest-
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part of a wave where the disturbance is highest at greates
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critical mass-
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minimum mass of fissionable material in a nuclear reactions that will sustain a chain reaction
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cyclotron-
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particle accelerator that imparts high energy to charged particals such as protons, deuterons and helium ions
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de Broglie matter waves-
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all particles have wave properties
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destructive interference-
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combination of waves so that crest parts of one wave overlap trough parts of another, resulting in a wave of decreased amplitude
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deuterium-
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isotope of hydrogen whose atom has a proton a neutron and an electron the common isotope of hydrogen has only a proton and an electron therefore deuterium has more mass
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diffraction-
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bending of light that passes around an obstacle or through a narrow slit, causing the light to spread and to produce light and dark fringes
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direct current
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-electric current whose flow of charge is always in one direction
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Doppler effect-
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change in frequency of a wave of sound or light due to the motion of the source or the receiver. Red shift blue shift
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electric charge-
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fundamental electrical property to which the mutual attractions of repulsions between electrons or protons is attributed
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electric current-
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flow of electric charges that transports energy from one place to another, Measured in ameperes, where one ampere is the flow of 6.25 10^18 electrons per second
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electric field-
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force filed that fills the space around every electric charge or group of charges
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electric potential energy
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- energy a charge has due to its locations in an electric field
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electrical force-
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force that one charge exerts on another. When the charges are the same sgn, they repel when the charges are opposite they attract
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electrical resistance-
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resistance of a material to the flow of electric charge through it measure in ohms
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electricity-
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general term for electrical phenomena much like gravity has to do wit gravitations phenomena or sociology with social phenomena
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electrode-
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terminal for example of a battery through which electric current can pass
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electrodynamics-
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study of moving electric charge, as opposed to electrostatics
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electromagnetic induction-
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phenomenon of inducing a voltage in a conductor by changing the magnetic field near the conductor. If the magnetic field within a closed loop changes in any way, a voltage is induced in the loop. Te induction of voltage is actually the result of a more fundamental phenomenon: the induction of an electric field
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electromagnetic radiation-
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transfer of energy by the rapid oscillations of electromagnetic fields, which travel in the form of waves called electromagnetic waves
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electromagnetic spectrum-
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range of frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation can be propogated. The lowest frew. Are associated with radio waves, microwaves have a higher freq. and then infrared waves light ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and gamma rays in sequence
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electromagnetic wave
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any voltage that gives rise to an electric current. A battery or a gerenator is a source of emf.
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Electrostatics-
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study of electric charges at rest as opposed to electrodynamics
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Element-
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substance composed of atoms that all have the same atomic number and therefore the same chemical properties
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elementary particles-
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subatomic particles the basic building blocks of all matter consisting of two classes or particles the quarks and the leptons
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evaporation-
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change of phase from ;iquid to a gas that takes place at the surface of a liquid the opposite of condensation
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excitation-
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process of boosting one or more electrons in an atom or molecule from a lower to a higher energy level. An atom in an excited state will usually decay rapidly to a lower state by the emission of radiations the freq. and energy of emitted radiation are related by E=hf
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Fahrenheit scale-
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temp scale in common use in the US the number 23 is assigned to the melt freeze point of water, and the number 212 to the boil condense point of water at standard pressure
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Freezing-
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change in phse from liquid to solid the opposite of melting
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Frequency-
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the number of vibrations or wave crests per unit of time. HERTZ
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Fuse-
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device in an electric circuit that breaks the circuit when the current gets high enough to risk causing fire
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Galvanometer-
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instrument used to detect electric current
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gamma ray-
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high frewuency electromagnetic radiation emitted by atomic nuclei
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gas-
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phase of matter beyond the liquid phase wherein molecules fill whatever space is available to them, taking no definite shape
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generator-
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machine that produces electric current, usually by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field
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grounding-
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allowing charges to move freely along a connection from a conductor to the ground
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group-
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elements in the same column of the periodic table
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half-life-
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time required for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope of an element to decay.
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heat of fusion-
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amount of energy that must be added to a kilogram of a soild already at its melting point to melt it
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heat of vaporization-
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amount of energy that must be added to a kilogram of a liquid to vaporize it
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heat-
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the energy fthat flows from one object to another by virtue of a difference in temp. measured in calories or joules
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hertz (Hz)-
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SI unit of frequency
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induction-
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charging of an object without contact
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infrared-
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electromagnetic waves of frequencies lower than the red of visible light
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infrasonic-
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term applied to sound frequencies below 20 hertz the normal lower limit of human hearing
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in parallel-
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term applied to portions of an electric circuit that are connected at two points and provide alternative paths for the current between those two points
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in series
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- term applied to portions of an electric circuit tat are conneceted in a row so that the current that goes through one must go through all of them
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insulator
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- material that is a porr conductor of hear that is a poor conductor of electricity
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ion-
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atom with a net charge which is due to the loss or gain of electrons a positive ion has a net
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ionization-
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process of adding or reoving electrons to or from the atomic nucleus
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isotopes-
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atoms where nuclei have the same numer of protons but different amount of neutrons
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Kelvin scale-
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temp scale, measured in kelvins K, whose zero is the temp at which it is impossible to extract any more internal energy from a material 0K= -273.15 C there are no negative temp. on the K scale
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kilowatt-hour-
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amount of energy consumed in 1 hour at the rate of 1 kilowatt
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laser-
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optical instrument that produces a beam of coherent light that is light with all wves of the same frequency phase and direction. The word is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
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light-
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visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum
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liquid-
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phase of matter between the solid and gaseous phases in which the matter possesses a definite colume but no definite shape it takes on the shape of its container
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longitudinal wave -
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wave in which the individual particles of a medium vibrate back and forth in the direction in which the wave travels (sound)
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magnet-
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any pbject that has magnetic properties that is the ability to attract objects made of iron or oter magnetic substances
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magnetic domain
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microscopic cluster of atoms with their magnetic fields aligned
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magnetic field-
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region of magnetic influence around a magnetic pole or a moving charged particle
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magnetic force
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- between magnets, it is the attraction of unlike magnetic poles for each other and the repulsion between like magnetic poles. Between a magnetic field, and a moving charged particle, it is a deflecting force due to the motion of the particle: The deflecting force is perpendicular to the magnetic field line sna dhte firection of motion. This force is greatest when the charged particle moves perpendicular to the field lines and is smallest when it moves parallel to the field lines
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magnetic pole-
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one of the regions on a magnet that produces magnetic forces
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melting
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change in phase from solid to liquid the
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microwaves
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electromagnetic waves with grequencies greater than radio waves buyt less than infrared waves
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mixture
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substnaces mixed together without combining chemically
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molecule
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two or more atoms of the same or different elemtns bonded to form a larger particle
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natural frequency
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frequency at which an elastic object naturally tends to bibrate if it is disturbed and the disturbing force is required
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neutron
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electrically neutral particle that is one of the two kinds of nucleons that compose an atomic nucleus
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node
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any part of a standing wave that remains stationary a region of minimal or zero energy
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noise
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scientifically speaking, sound that sorresponds to an irregular vibration of the eardrum produced by some irregular vibration which appears on an oscilloscope as an irregular pattern
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normal
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at right angles to or perpendicular to a normal force acts at right angles to the surface on which it acts in optics, a normla defines the line perpendicular to a surface about which angles of light rays are measured
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nuclear fission
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splitting of an atomic nucleus particularly that od a heavy element such as uranium 235 into two ligher elements accompanied by the relase of much energy
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nuclear force
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attractice force within a nucleus that holds neutrons and protons toegether, part of the nuvles force is called the strong interaction the strong interaction is an attractice force that acts between protons and neutrons and mesons however it acts only over very short distances the weak interaction is the nuclear force responsible for beta emisson
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nuclear fusion
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combining of nuclei of light atoms such as hydrogen into heavier nuclei accompanied by the relase of much energy
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nucleon
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principal building block of the nucleus a neutron or a proton the collectice name for either or both
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nucleus
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poisitviely charged cneter of an atom which contains protons and neutrons and has almost all the mass of the entire atoms byt only a tiny fraction of volume
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ohm
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SI unit of electrical resistance
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opaque
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term applied to material that absorb light withotu reemission and consequently do not allow light through them
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oscillation
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same as vibration a repeating to and fro motion about an equilibrium position both oscillation and vibration refer to periodic motion that is mption that repeats
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parallel circuit
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electric circuit with two or more devices connected in such a way that the same voltage acts across each one and ay single one completes the circuit independetly of the others
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period table
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chart that lists elements by atomic number and by electron arrangements so that elements with similar chemical properties are in the same column
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phase
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one of the four main forms of matter solid liquid gas and plasma often called state
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photoelectric effect
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ejection of electrons from certain metals when exposed to certain frequencies of light
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photon
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QUANTA PACKET OF ENERGY
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pitch
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term that refers to our subjective impression about the highness or the lowness of a tone, whoch is related to the frequency of the tone a high vibrating source produces a sound of high pitch...low produces low
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Planck's Constant
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fundamental constant of quantum theory that determines the scale of the small scale world plancks constant multiplied by the frequency of radiation gives the energy of a photon of that radiation
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mass number
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the number of nucleons
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atomic mass
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the average of the masses of the exisintg istopes of an element
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atomic number
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number of protons
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radiation
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energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves the particles given off by radioactive atoms such as uranium do not confuse radionat with radioactivity
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plane mirror
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flat surfaced mirror
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polarization
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alighning of vibrations in a transverse wave, usually by filtering out waves of other directions
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potential difference
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difference in electric potential between two points free charge flows when there is a differen and will continue until both points reach a common potential
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prism
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triangular solid of a transparent material such as glass that separates incident light by refraction into its component colors. These componenet colors are oftne called the spectrum
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proton
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positiviely charged particle that is one of the two kinds of nucleons in the nuckeus of an atom
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quantum
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called a photon
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quantum mechanics
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concerned witht he atomic microworld based on wave functions and probabilities introduced by max planck and developed by heisenberg erwin schrodinger and others
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quantum theory
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theory that describes the microworld where many quantities are granular rather than continuous and where particles of light and particles of matter exhibit wave as well as particle properties
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radiant energy
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any energy including heat light and x rays that is trasnmitted by radiation it occurs in the form of electromagnetic waves
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radio waves
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electromagnetic waves of the longest frequency
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radioactive
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term applied to an atom having an unstable nuclues that can spontaneously emit a particle and become the nucleus of an other elemt
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radioactivity
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proces of the atomic nucleus that results in the emission of energetic particles
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radiotherapy
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use of radiation as a treatment to kill cancer cells
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rarefaction
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region of reduced pressure in a longitudianl wave
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reflection
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reutrn of light rays from a surface in sich a way that the angle at whcih a given ray is tretuend is equal to the angle at whic it strikes the surface
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refraction
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bending of an oblique ray of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another difference i speed of light in the transparent
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resistor
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device in an electric circiot designed to resist the flow of charge
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Schrodinger's wave equation
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interprets the wave nature of material particles in terms of probabiltiy wave amplitudes
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semiconductor
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device made of material not only with properties that fall between a conductor and an insulator but with resitance that changes abruptly when other conditions change, sich as temperature voltage and electric of magnetic field
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series circuit
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elecrtirc circuit with devices connected in sich a way that the electric current trough each ot them is the same
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shock wave
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cone shaped wave prodiced nu am object moving at supersonic speed through a fliod
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solid
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phase of matter characterized bu definite shape and volume
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sound
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longitudinal wave phenomenon that consists of successive compressions and rarefaction of the medium through which the wave travels
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sound barrier
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the pile up of sound waves in front of an aircraft approaching or reaching the speed of sound, believed in the early days of jet aircraft to create a barried of soujn that a plane would have to break throuhg in order to go faster than the speed of sound the sound barried does not exist (waves still pile up but no barrier to stop it)
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standing wave
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stationary wave pattern formed in a medium when two sets of identical waves pass through the medium in opposite directions the wave appears not to be traveling
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strong force
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force that attracts nucleons to each other within the nucleus a force that is very strong at close distancesbut decreases rapidly as the distance increatses strong interaction
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sublimation
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direct conversion of a substance from the solid to the capor phase or vice cersa without passing through the liquid phase
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superconductor
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material that is a perfect conductor with zero resistance to the flow of electric charge
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supersonic
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traveling faster than the speed of sound
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temperature
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measure of the average translation kinestic energy per molecule of a substance measure in degrees clesius or farenheit or in kelvins
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thermodynamics
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study of heat and its transformation to mechanical energy,
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thermometer
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device used to meausre temperature usually in degrees celsius F or K
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transformer
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device for increasing or decreasing or decreasing voltage
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transmutation
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conversion of an atomic nucleus of one element into an atoamic nucleus of another element through a loss or gain the number of protons
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transparent
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term applied to materials that allow lght to pass through them in straight lines
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transuranic element
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elemtn with an atomic number above 92 which is the atomic number of uranium all MAN MADE AFTER
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transverse wave
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wave with vibration at right angles to the direction the wave is traveling light consists of transverse waves
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tritium
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unstable radioactive isotop of hydrogen whose atom has a proton two neutrons and an electron
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trough
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one of the places in a wave where the wave is lowest or the distribance is greatest in the opposite direction from a crest.
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ultrasonic
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term applied to sound frequencies above 20,000 hertz the normal upper limit of human hearing
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ultraviolet
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electromagnetic waves of frequencies higher than those of violet light
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uncertainty principle
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is not possible to meausre exactly both the position and the momentum of a particle at the same time nor the energy and the time associated with a particle simultaneously
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vibration
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oscillation
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visible light
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part of the lectromagnetic spectrum that the humjan eye can see
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volt
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SI unit of electric potential
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voltage
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electrical pressure or a measure of electrical ptenotail difference
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voltage source
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device such as dry cell battery or generator provides a potenital difference
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watt
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SI unite of power one watt is expended when one joule of work is done in one second
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wave
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a wiggle in space and time a REGULAR DISTURBANCE that repeats regularly in sace and time and that is trasmitted progressively from on place to the next with no net transport of matter
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wave speed
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WAVELENGTH * FREQ= WAVE SPEED
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wavelength
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distance between successive crests troughs or identical parts of a wave
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weak force
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also called weak interaction the force within a nucleus that ALLOWS RADIOACTIVITY
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white light
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light such as sunlight that is a combination of all the colors under white light white objects appear white and colored objects appear in their individual colors
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X ray
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electromagnetic radiation higher in frequency than ultraviolet emitted by atoms when the innermost orbital electrson undergo excitation
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