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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structure of Vertebrates |
Descriptive |
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Significance of the structure |
Functional |
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Comparative Anatomy can be considered as... |
Vertebrate evolution |
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Structural evolution |
Morphology |
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Description of Structures |
Anatomy |
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The main significance of Comparative Anatomy |
1. Structural Basis of Biology 2. Study Evolution 3. Appreciation of Vertebrates 4. Dissection skills 5. Man's place in the vertebrate world |
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Anscestral Deuterostome and No Notochord |
Echinodermata |
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What is the Big Five? |
1. Notochord and Vertebral Column 2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord 3. Pharynx 4. Endostyle or Thyroid Gland 5. Muscular, Post-Anal Tail |
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A rod of living cells ventral to the CNS and dorsal to the alimentary canal Provides skeletal support through out most of the length of the chordate A more complex, jointed skeleton develops and retains only remnants. |
Notochord |
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Chief axial skeleton surrounded by notochord sheath |
Protochordates |
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Similar to protochordates with addition of lateral neural cartilages |
Agnathans |
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Persist the length of the trunk and tail within the centrum |
Fishes and amphibians |
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Disappears and becomes pulpy nucleus in vertebrae |
Reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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Parts of the vertebrae |
1. Centrum (deposited around the notochord) 2. Neural arch (forms over spinal cord) 3. Various processes |
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Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord |
Nerve cord of a chordate embryo |
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The nerve cord is formed by the process of... |
Invagination |
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The nerve cord develops into the... |
Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord) |
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Membranous digestive and respiratory organ located at the back of the mouth that serves as passageway of food and air |
Pharynx |
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The pharynx is a vital part of craniate embryo that produces: (THERE ARE SIX) |
1. Gills of Fishes (PERMANENT SLITS) 2. Lungs of Tetrapods (TEMPORARY SLITS) 3. Skeleton and Musculature of Jaws 4. Parafollicular cells and Paratyroid glands 5. Auditory and Tympanic Cavity 6. Initial cells of immune system (Thymus in humans) |
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Endocrine glands that regulate metabolic rates in all body cells and maintain appropriate calcium levels in bones, other tissues, and circulating blood. |
Parafollicular cells and Parathyroid glands |
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A column of tissue that separates each embryonic pharyngeal pouch or slit from the next |
Pharyngeal Arches |
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The FOUR blastemas from which the pharyngeal arches develop: |
1. Skeleton 2. Muscles 3. Nerves 4. Blood Vessels |
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Indentations in the pharyngeal arches where the clefts are lined with the ectoderm |
External |
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Indentations in the pharyngeal arches where the pouches are lined with the ectoderm |
Internal |
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GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the FIRST ARCH |
Skeletal: Meckel's cartilage, Malleus, Incus Muscle: Muscles of mastication, Anterior belly of digastricus, Tensor Tympani, Tensor palati Cranial: Trigeminal nerve (Mandibular division) |
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GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the SECOND ARCH |
Skeletal: Stapes, Styloid process, Upper part of hyoid Muscle: Stapedius, Stylohyoid, Muscles of facial expression, Posteriour belly of digastricus Cranial: Facial Nerve |
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GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the THIRD ARCH |
Skeletal: Lower part of the hyoid Muscle: Stylopharyngeus Cranial: Glossopharyngeal nerve |
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GIVE THE SKELETAL ELEMENTS, MUSCLE, and CRANIAL NERVE of the FOURTH TO SIXTH ARCH |
Skeletal: Laryngeal cartilages Muscle: Cricotyhroideus, Pharyngeal constrictors, Intrinsic laryngeal muscles Cranial: Vagus Nerve |
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Components of the Pharyngeal arches |
1. Skeletal elements (Pharyngeal Skeleton) 2. Striated Muscles (Branchiomeric Muscles) 3. Cranial Nerves 4. Aortic Arch |
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Ectodermally-lined grooves on the outside of the embryonic pharynx |
Pharyngeal clefts |
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Develops into the external auditory meatus of the ear and provides the outer epithelium of the tympanic membrane |
Pharyngeal clefts |
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Arises as diverticula of endoderm or foregut |
Pharyngeal Pouches |
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Establishes the limits of the pharynx |
Pharyngeal pouches |
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DERIVATIVES OF FIRST PHARYNGEAL POUCH |
Middle ear cavity Endodermal aspect of tympanic membrane Pharyngotympanic tube |
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DERIVATIVES OF SECOND PHARYNGEAL POUCH |
Palatine Tonsil |
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DERIVATIVES OF THIRD PHARYNGEAL POUCH |
Inferior parathyroid gland Thymus |
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DERIVATIVES OF FOURTH AND FIFTH PHARYNGEAL POUCH |
Superior parathyroid gland Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland |
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Formed between the pharynx and the exterior when the pharyngeal plate ruptures |
Pharyngeal slits |
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Glandular groove in the floor of the pharynx and is involved in fliter feeding |
Endostyle |
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An endocrine gland that produces hormone |
Thyroid gland |
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In many species, it is greatly reduced during embryonic development |
Muscular, Post-Anal Tail |
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Three Regional components of craniates |
1. Head 2. Trunk 3. Postanal tail |
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Common sense organs for monitoring external environment |
Eyes, Ears, Nose |
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Centralization or localization of nervous structures and functions in the head with accompanying dominance of the head |
Cephalization |
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Houses most of the visceral organs |
Coelom |
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Consists almost exclusively or a caudal continuation of body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels |
Post anal Tail |
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Position when a quaruped stands erect on all four limbs, facing left, with the tail slightly raised |
Anatomic position |
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Any surface, real or imaginary along which any two points can be connected by a straight line |
Anatomic Plane |
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Divides the head, body or any limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves |
Median Plane |
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Passes through the right or left side of the body parallel to the median plane |
Sagittal Plane |
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Passes through the head, body, limb or organ at right angles to the structure's long axis or the median plane |
Transverse Plane |
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Runs at right angles to both the median and transverse planes (horizontally) dividing the body into dorsal and ventral portions |
Dorsal Plane |
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Occurs in an organism if it can be cut into two identical halves through any cut that runs through the organism's center |
Spherical |
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Several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces (Like a Pie) |
Radial |
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Combination of Radial and Bilateral Symmetry |
Biradial |
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Only one plane, the Median Plane, will divide an organism into roughly mirror images halves. |
Bilateral |
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The only systems that are not bilaterally symetrical |
Digestive and Lymphatic systems |
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Regular repetition of body parts along the cranio-caudal axis
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Metamerism or Segmentation |
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Longitudinal series of divisions in each of which all or most of the body systems are represented |
Metamere, Segement or Somite |
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Segmentation of the animal body into nearly like segments |
HOMONOMOUS Segmentation |
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Various Segments differ from each other |
HETERONOMOUS Segmentation |
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Craniate Characteristics |
Cranium 3 part brain Neural Crests Paired external sense organs Cartilage |
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Vertebrate Characteristics |
Vertebral Colum Two semicircular canals Electroreception Lateral line system with multicellular neuromasts Number of soft tissue specializations |
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Parts of the Coelom |
Pericardial Pleural Peritoneal Scrotal |