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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary Care places an emphasis on what?
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Cure
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Primary Health Care places an emphasis on what?
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Prevention and Self Reliance
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National Government makes recommendation but what does the State do?
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Decides what to accept or reject
Establishes health codes License facilities and the personnel Regulates insurance Provides direct assistance to local health depts |
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Community Oriented Primary Care Model
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Responsive model of health care delivery that integrates parts of primary care and public health
Treats an identifiable population for which the practice assumes responsibility |
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Primary Prevention
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seeks to promote health and prevent disease from the beginning
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Secondary Prevention
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intervention that seeks to detect disease early before S&S become apparent so as to make early Dx and begin early Tx
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Tertiary Prevention
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Begins once disease is apparent and is aimed to interrupt the course of the disease and reduce the amount of disability that may occur and begin rehab
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Ancient Egyptians were responsible for what?
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Developing pharmaceutical preparations, constructing earth privies, and public drainage systems
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Hebrew Mosaic Law covered what?
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maternal health,communicable disease control, protection of food and water and waste and sanitary disposal
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Ancient Greeks were more concerned with what?
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personal cleanliness, diet, exercise, and sanitation
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Classic Romans were concerned with what?
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Community health and social medicine perspective
ex. aqueducts |
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Who established the first postgraduate nursing course in public health nursing?
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Mary Adelaide
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Who established the first postgraduate nursing course in public health nursing?
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Mary Adelaide
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WWII - 1970s exhibited what changes in Nursing?
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People were living longer so chronic disease became leading cause of death
Public Health Nursing became required part of baccalaureate nursing programs |
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Healthcare changed dramatically in the 21st century because of what event?
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9/11
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Emmetropia v Hyperopia v Myopia
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Emmetropia- normal
Hyperopia- near vision error (farsighted) Myopia- distance vision error (nearsighted) |
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3 charts for Vision Screening
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Snellen- 7+yrs of age
Snellen Tumbling "E" Chart- 5&6yrs of age H:O:T:V Chart- young children who do not know the alphabet or the mentally challenged |
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Hirschberg Test
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reflection of the light in the pupils should be centered
If reflection is not sent you always refer AND administer Cover/Uncover Test |
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Cover and Uncover Test
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Used to detect constant muscle imbalance or misalignment of the eye (stabismus)
If muscle weakness is present, the eye being covered will drift away from the object being fixated upon and jump back to re-establish position when uncovered |
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Passing vision scores for age group:
Children thru 4 years: Children 5+: |
Children thru 4 years: 20/40 or better and > 2 line difference in passing acuity.
Children 5+: 20/30 acuity or better *Refer for worse or >2 line difference |
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Abnormality Tests: indicates what?
Nystagmus- Lid Lag- Decreased Peripheral Vision- No Visible Red Reflex- |
Nystagmus- neuro dysfxn
Lid Lag- Hyperthyroidism Decreased Peripheral Vision- Glaucoma No Visible Red Reflex- cataract |
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Hearing Screening sequence and levels
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1000, 2000, and 4000 at 25dB
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Hearing Screening procedure
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Start at 1000 then 2000 then 4000 at 20dB for 1st grade and up and 25dB for preK. Tone should be given for 2-3 seconds and started in the right ear at all three levels before going to the left ear
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Define Frequency
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The pitch of a sound
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Define Intensity
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The degree of loudness
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Hearing Losses: At what point is a hearing aid useful in reference to dB loss? At what point is amplification recommended? At what point is amplification required?
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15-25 is minor and only difficult with soft spoke words
25-40 are good candidates for hearing aids 40-55 recommended amplification >55 needs amplification |
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Scoliosis is defined when there is abnormal curvature of the spine of how many degrees or more?
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>10 degrees
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S&S of Scoliosis
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One shoulder higher than the other
One shoulder blade higher than the other One hip higher Space btw arms and body greater on one side Leaning to one side Head not directly above pelvis |
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Functional vs. Structural Scoliosis
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Structural involves changes in alignment in fixed vertebrae and cannot be corrected solely by standing up straight. Functional has no permanent change in shape and is typically cased my student's having different length of legs
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FYI* Screening is NOT a Dx of Scoliosis, a Dx is made by what?
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An Xray!
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Screening involves what views?
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1. Front and Standing
2. Bending forward 3. Side Standing 4. Side forward bend 5. Back and Standing 6. Back and foward *Rescreen prior to referral |
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Scoliometer is used for what?
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Determine degree of bend and determine the need for referral
Referral for reading >7 degrees Should be rescreened after 1 yr to determine if curve is increasing |
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Risser Sign
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determines bone development in the spine
Small ridge of bone that forms over the top of each side of the pelvis. More complete sign indicates less risk of future growth |
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When to Brace Scoliosis kids
When to have surgery? |
when curves are 25-40 degrees and growth still remains. Must stay in the brace!
Surgery when curves greater than 45 degrees |
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Screening is done on whom?
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Grade 5 and 9 ages 10-14
Texas says all children grades 6 and 9 or 5 and 8 |
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Acanthosis Nigricans is associated with what?
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Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance
Indicates a risk for Type 2 Diabetes and other health problems |
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Differences Grades of AN
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1- a line
2- 1-2 centimeters in width 3- 2-3 centimeters in width 4- >3 cm in width |
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AN is found where?
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Folds and creases as well as the soles of the feet
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What is the Nursing Meta Paradigm?
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Person, Environment, Health, Nursing
These are present in all Nursing Models |
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Community as a Partner Model
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Synthesizes public health and nursing utilizing:
- Community Assessment Wheel - Nursing Process Made up of: -Core- the community and values - Flexible Line of Defense- temp response to stressors -Normal Line of Defense- level of health the community has built up over time - Lines of Defense- strength of community to fight stressors |
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Flexible Line of Defense
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Temporary response to stressors faced by the community
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Lines of Resistance
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Permanent features of the community that provide for health. Represents the community's strengths.
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Normal Lines of Defense
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Built up over time and often represented by numbers and statistics. This represents the communities usual state of well-being and normal range of responsiveness to stressors
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Degree of Reaction
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The amount of disruption a stressor causes to a system
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Program Planning Process involves what four steps?
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Name the problem
Identify goals and objectives Evaluate problem solutions Choose the solution |
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Case Management is what?
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enhances continuity and appropriateness of care and is a process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and monitoring services and resources needed by clients while supporting the effective use of health and social services
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*What is the difference between Case Management and Care Management?
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*Care Management that involves care plans and establishes a system while case management involves activities implemented with individual clients
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What is the Process of Advocacy?
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-Informing
-Supporting -Affirming |
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Collaboration is _______________
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the process to reach a common goal
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Ethical Issues as per the Code of Ethics for Nurses
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Autonomy (pt right to choose)
Beneficence (if it costs too much, then won't do it) Justice (jeopardized when reimbursement is sometimes refused) |
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Section 504 of Act of 1973
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Education for All
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Primary Prevention in School
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Prevention, Education, and Required Vaccinations
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Secondary Prevention in School
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Emergency plans, medications, screenings, identifying child abuse, communicating with health care providers, preventing suicide, and violence at school
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Tertiary Prevention in School
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children with asthma, DM, autism, DNR orders, homebound, and pregnant teenagers and teen mothers
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Define Mitigation
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preventing HAZARDS from developing into disasters or reduce the effects of disasters when the occur
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FEMA does not do what?
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take charge of recovery effort
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Disaster Triage:
Red Yellow Green Black |
Red-1st priority- life threatening
Yellow- 2nd priority- can wait a little Green- 3rd priority can wait a while longer Black- dying or dead |
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The Rule of Utility states what?
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the goal is whatever brings about the most good to the most # of people
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S&S of Radiological Agent exposure?
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Think CA pt
Red, fatigued, N, anemic |
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Smallpox stage of progression
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Macules to papules to vesicles to pustules to scabs
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Smallpox differs from chickenpox how?
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rash starts on palms and soles of feet and works in vs chickenpox starts in and works out
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Tx of Pneumonic Plague
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antibiotic x 7 days. streptomycin,gentamycin, tetracycline
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