Community Health Nursing

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Community

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communityis a group of people who share a geographic location or dimension anda social dimension.

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Community health nursing

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includespublic health nursing, home health nursing, and community mentalhealth nursing, as well as a variety of other specialties such asstreet health and telehealth, and parish nursing.Promotes and protects the health of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.

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Empowerment

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as ameans by which people, individually and collectively in organizationsand communities, exercise their ability to effect change to enhancecontrol, quality of life and social justice.

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public health nursing

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merges knowledge from the public health sciences with professional nursing theories to safeguard and improve the health of populations in the community

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public health

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on the health of the entire population. The goal of public health is the achieve a healthy environment for everyone.

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primary health care

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emphasis on promoting and maintaining health

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population

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acollection of individuals who have in common one or more personal orenvironmental characteristics

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population health

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ahealthy population is composed of healthy individuals and the healthstatus of individuals is considered an overall aggregate thatreflects an average or general health status. To determine apopulations health status, individual characteristics ( such asoccurrence of illness, disability, death, lifespan) are considered.The overall goals of population health approach are to maintain andimprove the health of the entire population to eliminate healthdisparities. “ the health of the population is influenced by the determinants of health so strategies address these. “ “ the focus is to improve the health of populations and to eliminate health disparities”

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prevention

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is'action' to avoid illness/disease. 3 levels of disease preventioncorrespond to the natural history of disease:
Primary prevention activities protect against a disease before signs and symptoms occur. Examples include immunizations
Secondary prevention activities promote early detection of disease once the pathogenesis has occurred, examples include mammography
. Tertiary prevention are initiated in the convalescence stage of disease and are directed toward minimizing residual disability and helping people to live productively with limitations. An example is a cardiac rehabilitation program after a myocardial infarction.

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primary health care

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focuseson education, rehabilitation, support service, health promotion anddisease prevention. It involves multidisciplinary teams andcollaboration with other sectors as well as with secondary andtertiary care facilities.

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vulnerable populations

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clientsare those who are likely to develop health problems as a result ofexcessive risks, who experience barriers when trying to access healthcare services, or who are dependent on others for care.

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5types of health care

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promotive,preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and supportive

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Community as client

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theentire community as the client or the community, working as the community as a whole to promote health

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Community as context

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theway a community can effect the individuals health overall.

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Characteristics of a health community

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healthyindividuals engaged in collective relationships that create asupportive living environment. A collective capacity to solveproblems; adequate living conditions; a safe environment; andsustainable resources such as employment, health care, andeducational facilities.

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Primary Care vs. Primary Health Care

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Primary Care •Services / care provided at the first point of access to the health care system, e.g. Family physician, nurse practitioner, community health nurse, emergency care, etc.
Primary Health Care•Focus is on education, rehabilitation, support services, health promotion, & disease prevention

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Five Principles of Primary Health care

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Accessibility –health services are available to all people with no unreasonable geographic or financial barriers. •
Active public participation –individuals and communities have the right and responsibility to be active partners in making decisions about their health care and the health of their communities.
•Health promotion & chronic disease prevention & management–the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health.
•Use of appropriate technology & innovation –this includes knowledge, skills & information
•Intersectoralcooperation & collaboration–commitment from all sectors (government, community and health) is essential for meaningful action on health determinants.

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Community Health nursing roles

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Health promotion•Disease & injury prevention•Health surveillance•Health protection•Population health assessment•Emergency preparedness & response

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CRNBC –Provincial Standards of Practice which apply to all nurses working in a defined jurisdiction

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Defined and regulated by a provincial/territorial nursing association•Legal requirement to practice•Begin when hired into any nursing position

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Community Nursing: Social Justice

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...the equitable, or fair, distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and their consequences. It focuses on the relative position of social advantage of one individual or social group in relation to others in society, as well as on the root causes of inequities and what can be done to eliminate them.

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Community Health Nurses of Canada : Standards

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- 1. Health Promotion

2.Prevention and Health Protection

3. Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation

4. Professional Relationships

5. Capacity Building

6. Access and Equity

7. Professional Responsibility and Accountability

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Community Assessment 3 components:

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1. The structure- history and perceptions

2. The social system: boundaries, schools

3. The people- Aggregate –group sharing common interests, etc.•Target –population to receive nursing intervention•Population at risk –group at high risk for illness

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Community International

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Development and strengthening of health care systems, and efforts to improve health conditions in developing countries•Refers to health crises and emergencies•Primary health care principles are the focus

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Global Health

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Concerned with health challenges that span beyond borders. Key players, such as the World Health Organization [WHO]One source of data is obtained by way of epidemiological investigations

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Epidemiology

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The branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations and with detection of the source and cause of epidemics of infectious disease”

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cultural awareness includes:

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self-awareness of one’s own cultural background, biases, and differences

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cultural competence includes

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respecting personal dignity and preferences, as well as acknowledging cultural differences

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using a family interpreter is :

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not advisable because clients may need privacy in discussing sensitive matters

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barriers to health care include

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nadequate health care insurance◯Inability to pay for health care services◯Language barriers◯Cultural barriers◯Lack of health care providers in a community◯Geographic isolation◯Social isolation◯Lack of communication tools (e.g., telephones)◯Lack of personal or public transportation to health care facilities◯Inconvenient hours◯Attitudes of health care personnel toward clients of low socioeconomic status or those with different cultural/ethnic background

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community based nursing

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based on individual and family level

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community oriented nursing

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at risk family, communities and groups

-Determining health needs of a community, and intervening at the individual, family, and group level to improve the collective health of the community

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Advocacy

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Client advocate is one role of the community health nurse. The nurse plays the role of informer, supporter, and mediator for the client. The following are basic to client advocacy
Clients are responsible for their own health.◯It is the nurse’s responsibility to advocate for resources or services that meet the client’s health care needs.◯Advocating for clients requires assertiveness, placing priority on the client’s values, and willingness to progress through the chain of command for resolution.

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Epidemiology triangle

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The agent is the animate or inanimate object that causes the disease.◯The host is the living being that is affected by the agent.◯The environment is the setting or surrounding that sustains the host