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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1st Approach to Theories - Nets
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- A never ending process of theory building (evolved)
-Seeks to explain more and more |
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2nd Approach to Theories - Lens
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-Work under certain assumptions
-We cannot see the world as a whole, we are limited (theories) -Drives what questions we ask |
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3rd Approach to Theories - Maps
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-Making connections
-Dictates the next step |
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How to Judge Theory #1 Explanatory Power
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-Ability to provide plausible explanation
-Ability to explain wide range of phenomena |
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How to Judge Theory #2 Predictive Power
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-Ability to predict what will occur in the future
-Can aid in improving various communicative acts (verbal/non-verbal) |
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How to Judge Theory #3 Internal Consistency
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-There is an internal logic
-Different elements of the theory make sense when viewed together |
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How to Judge Theory #4 Heuristic Provocativeness
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-Can serve to generate new questions
-Produce novel or interesting questions |
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How to Judge Theory #5 Parsimony
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-Simplicity
-The best answer is often the simplest one |
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How to Judge Theory #6 Organizing Power
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-Ability to make connections between seemingly disparate phenomena
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Interpretive
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-Multiple means or truths are possible: we assign "truth" linguistically
-Truth is socially constructive |
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Objective
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-Truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observation
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Why do we not have any laws of communication?
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-Humans are messy and complex
-No one has designs on a single, grand theory of communication |
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Understand Communications as a process - Dynamic Process
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-Basic Stages, Evolve, Go Back
-Give and Take, non-verbal reaction by both, build off from one another |
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Symbolic Interaction - Interpretive - Know Origins
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-European Influences-Darwin's Evolution Theory
a.)Behavior is an adaptation to an environment (culture) b.)Behavior and the Environment fit together in a dialectic -U.S. Influences - Pragmatism a.)Meaning arises out of "practical consequences" b.)Differences in meaning arise out of differences in uses c.)Reality is in-determinant. Reality is always transforming and evolving. |
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Interpretation of Symbols
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-Individual process - culturally bound, cultural meaning
-We do not respond directly to an object, we respond to the symbol |
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Self and Role Playing
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-A persons roles determine who that person is
-The individual becomes humanied through interactions with other persons -Self develops after role taking (how do others see me?) |
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Looking Glass Self - I & Me
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-The mental self image that results from taking the role of the other
-How we feel we look to others -Self fulfilling prophecy - I=Compulsive component, ME=The self we see when we take the role of the other |
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Coordinated Management of Meaning
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-Conversation serves to allow us to co-construct our realities
-These realities influence how we act -ID critical moments in convo -How best to optimize our actions within our convos |
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Seeking an Ideal
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-Speaking in a manner that makes people want to listen, and listening in a manner that makes people want to speak
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The way people communicate is often more important than what is being said - why?
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-What I say is secondary to how I say it.
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Concentric Rings of Context
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-Different people interpret messages differently based of what their priorities are
-They each looked at the situation differently based off their priorities |
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Uncertainty Reduction Theory
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-Increased knowledge of what kind of person another is that provides an improved forecast of how a future interaction will turn out
**People do NOT like uncertainty |
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Axioms
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1.)Verbal Communication
2.)Nonverbal Warmth 3.)Information Seeking 4.)Self-Disclosure 5.)Reciprocity 6.)Similarity 7.)Liking 8.)Shared Networks |
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How do we reduce uncertainty?
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-Passive Strategies
1. Reactivity Search - how does the person react to a situation 2.Disinhibition searching - observe in informal settings b/c observed person less likely to self-monitor so will act "naturally" -Active Strategies; Actively Seek Info C. Interactive 1.)Interrogation 2.)Self-Disclosure |
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Expectancy Violation Theory
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-4 Zones
a.)intimate b.)social c.)personal d.)public -Factors that affect these zones - Gender, Social Power, Culture |
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Violation Valence
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-Negative or Positive value assigned to a breach of an expectation
-Interpret meaning of violation |
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Convergence vs Divergence
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C - When you match your behavior to the other persons behavior; happens when the others behavior is more positive than expected
D - When you "move away" from the other person's behavior; more negative |
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Weaknesses & Strengths of Early CMC Theories
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1.) Cues are filtered out - problematic for relationship development because of the lack of nonverbal cues
2.)Social Presence Theory - CMC deprives users of the sense that another person is involved in interactions 3.) Media Richness Theory - How complex are the messages that can be expressed with this medium? |
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Social Info Processing Theory
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-Relationships grow only to the extent that parties first gain info about each other and use that info to form interpersonal impressions about each
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2 Assumptions of SIP
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#1.) Verbal Cues: when motivated to form impressions and develop relationships, communicators employ any cue system available
#2.) Extended Time: impressions formed at a reduced rate because exchange of social info through CMC is much slower |
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CMC as Hyper personal
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-Selective Self Presentation - online positive portrayal
-Social Identity De-individualization - Overestimate similarity with others in a group ***Plan how to present yourself |
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AST Phase Model
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Orientation - unfocused - lack of info and goals
Conflict - factions form - disagreements arise Coalescence - negotiation - come to agreements of "acceptable" solutions Development - work toward consensus solution and excitement rises Integration - Solidarity - rewards for cohesion |
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Giddens - Rules and Resources
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-The group, and the individuals within the group, will adopt and adapt rules to achieve what they need to achieve
-The individuals will adapt their resources (their skill set) to play specific roles within the group to allow the collective to achieve it's goals |
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Stability vs Change as Outcomes
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-What is produced by the group? Does it represent stability (similar to decisions reached by past groups) or change (something different or unique)
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Cultural Approaches to Organizational Communications
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-Culture - shared meaning, shared sense-making, shared understanding, shared symbols
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Storytellers have power
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-The stories we tell reflect and reinforce organizational culture
-3 different levels include Corporate, Personal, and Collegial |
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What do we mean by culture?
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-A socially constructed and historically transmitted pattern of symbols, meanings, premises, and rules
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How do cultures differ?
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1.) Power distance
2.) Masculinity 3.) Uncertainty avoidance 4.) Individualism |
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Intercultural Communication -Accommodation
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-Constant movement toward and away from others by changing communication behavior
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IC Convergence vs Divergence
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C - Strategy through which you adapt communication behavior to become more similar to another person
D - Strategy of accentuating the difference between yourself and another person (Self-Handicapping) |
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What affects initial orientation?
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-Communicators pre disposition to focus on either their individual or group identity during a convo
1.)Collective cultural context 2.)Bad outcome - Bad person 3.)Stereotypes 4.)Norms for treatment of groups 5.)High group solidarity/high group dependence |
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Attributions
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-Perceptual process by which we observe what people do and then try to figure out their intent/disposition
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Face Negotiation
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Face - our public self image - how do we want people to see us?
Facework - specific ways that we construct/repair face Face-restoration - Strategy to stake out a unique place in life Face-giving - Facework aimed at defending and restoring other people's need for inclusion |
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Face Maintenance steps
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type of culture ---> type of self-construal--->Type of Face Maintenance --->Type of Conflict Management
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Latitudes of Evaluation
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Latitude of Acceptance - persons most preferred position, but also includes the range of other opinions on an issue that the person finds acceptable
Latitude of Rejection - the range of opinions the person finds objectionable Latitude of Non Commitment - those positions the person finds neither acceptable nor unacceptable |
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Anchor
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Our personal reference point
Anchors result in judgmental distortions |
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Persuasion as a Gradual Process
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Large scale change gained through a series of small, successive movements
Good speaker - wider range of acceptance |