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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Speech Communication |
human process through which we make sense out of the world and share that sense with others |
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Communication |
process whereby humans collectively create and regulate social reality |
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A thing |
a static object, bound in time, and unchanging |
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A process |
moving, it has no beginning and no end, and it is constantly changing |
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Communication process |
active, continuous, and flowing; never the same from one minute to the next |
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Face |
an approved social identity, that aspects of ourselves that we present to others for their approval |
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Communicative competence |
the ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner |
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Performative competence |
that part of communication competence that can be seen; the actual performance of day-to-day behavior
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Process competence |
the cognitive activity and knowledge that allows individuals to generate performative competence; everything we know in order to communicate competently
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Implicit knowledge |
Knowledge that we don't have to think about, that we use unconsciously to guide our behavior
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message competence |
the ability to make message choices that others can comprehend as well as to attend to and understand message choices of others
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verbal competence |
the ability to process and use linguistic devices to convey content in effective ways
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nonverbal competence |
the ability to process and use nonverbal codes to convey content in effective ways |
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Listening competence |
the ability to process and understand the messages that are sent to us
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interpretive competence |
the ability to label, organize, and interpret the conditions surrounding an interaction
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role competence |
the ability to take on social roles; knowing what is appropriate behavior for a given position
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self competence |
the ability to choose and present a desired self-image
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goal competence |
the ability to set goals, anticipate probable consequences, and choose effective lines of communication
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Culture |
that set of values and beliefs, norms and customs, rules and codes, that socially define groups of people
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approximeeting |
the tendency to avoid scheduling specific appointments but instead to rely on cell phone communication to make and revise plans |
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process perspective |
becoming aware of what's going on when you communicate, and beginning to recognize how the underlying processes involved in communication manifest themselves in everyday performance |
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situational approach |
the belief that interpersonal communication occurs whenever two people are in face-to-face interaction regardless of the intimacy of that interaction; under the situational approach, an interaction between a clerk and a customer |
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developmental approach |
the belief that interpersonal communication occurs only when the interaction between two people occurs at the psychological level; under this approach, an interaction between a clerk and a customer would not count as interpersonal, but an interaction between longtime romantic partners would
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intrapersonal communication |
one-person communication; examples include daydreaming, fantasizing, and thinking through a problem
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interpersonal communication |
dyadic communication that takes place whenever two individuals, sharing the roles of sender and receiver, become connected through the mutual activity of creating meaning; examples include two friends chatting, and argument between brother and sister, and a professor and student discussing grades.
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dyadic communication |
two-person communication; another name for interpersonal communication
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small-group communication |
communication among three or more individuals in which each member knows every member and can interact freely with all others- for example, student working together on a group project |
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organizational communication |
communication in a complex organization such as a business or industry; interaction flows through formal and informal channels; examples include communication from managers to subordinates at IBM and communication in the Army. |
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face-to-face public communication |
one-to-many communication, in which a speaker addresses an audience; a presidential candidate addressing national convention and an evangelistic delivering a sermon are examples
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mediated public (or mass) communication |
communication to a large, anonymous audience in which a channel is interposed between sender and receiver; examples include a nightly news broadcast, a radio advertisement, and a novel |
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cultural level data |
information made available to all members of culture
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sociological level data |
information made available only to people who share group membership
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psychological level data |
personal information shared between two people; information that is deeper and more intimate than that at the cultural or sociological level
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relationships as constellations of behavior |
the belief that relationships consist of and can best be understood by looking at what people do when they are together
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relationships as cognitive constructs |
the belief that relationships are a product of the ways we label and think about them that they can be understood by examining the cognitive schemata that describe them
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relationships as mini-cultures |
the belief that people in relationships create unique understandings and values that constitute their relational culture and that one can best understand a relationship by uncovering the nature of this culture
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relationships as collections of contradictory forces |
the belief that relationships can be defined by the ways in which partners view and resolves dialectical tensions
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dialectical approach |
an approach to understanding interaction that focuses on uncovering the contradictory forces that pull interactants in opposite directions and looking at ways these forces are resolved
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memory organization packets (MOPs) |
memories of what has happened in a relationship; MOPs help us stabilize and define the relationship |
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relational prototype |
a mental guide that specifies what a certain ind of relationship should be like; consists of label, criterial attributes, and communicative indicators
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natural language label |
part of a relational prototype; the name that identifies a relationship
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criterial attributes |
par of relational prototype; the attributes that must be present for a certain kind of relationship to exist- for example, trustworthiness and loyalty might be attributes contained in the relational prototype of friendship
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communicative indicators |
part of a relational prototype; the actual behaviors connected to criterial attributes- for example, if one of the criteria attributes of the relational prototype for friendship is being trustworthy, then keeping secrets would be a communicative indicator
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crossover |
when outside environmental influences affect what happens between partners in a relationship- for example, when a spouse allows tensions from the office affect behavior at home
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private relationships |
relationships that are close and personal; in such a relationship, members are irreplaceable and interdependent; knowing is particular, rules are individualistic, the tone is sentimental, and rewards are intrinsic
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public relationships |
relationships that are formal and distant; in such a relationship, members are substitutable and autonomous; knowing is universal, rules are normative, the tone is practical, and rewards are extrinsic
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content messages |
one of the two kinds of messages conveyed whenever we speak; content messages refer directly to the topic of the conversation; in contrast, relational messages tell our partners how we view our relationship to them |
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relational messages |
messages, often unstated, that indicate ones feelings about and satisfaction with a relationship; messages about dominance, trust and closeness are examples
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relationshipping |
the process of building and maintaining healthy relationships
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minimal competence |
the lowest level of role competence, in which partners act out roles in traditional ways |
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satisfactorily competent |
the middle of the role competence, in which partners are able to change some role behaviors but are not able to work out problems in creative ways by creating new roles |
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optimal competence |
the highest level of role competence in which people know when to adapt to social roles and when not to; those who are optimally competent handle relational problems creatively and effectively |
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analogic codes |
a code that is made up of signs that convey meaning by being like the concept they convey- for example, a smile conveys happiness by its natural connection to being happy
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digital codes |
a code that is made up of discrete symbols- for example, the word happy is a series of sounds that has come, through convention, to convey the abstract idea of happiness; there is no natural connection between the sounds and the idea
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morpheme |
the smallest meaningful element of speech, often, but not always, equivalent to a word |
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semantics |
language at the level of the word; semantic rules specify the elements that give words meaning
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denotative meaning |
meaning that is conventionalized; the dictionary definition of a concept
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connotative meaning |
personal, often emotionally charged meaning that goes beyond denotation
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syntactics |
language at the level of the sentence or utterance; syntactic rules allow individuals to combine words to create well-formed utterances
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speech act |
what an individual is doing during speech; it is roughly equivalent to the speaker's intention or purpose, although it is possible that a speaker may not be consciously aware of the implications of a speech act |
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constitutive rule |
in CMM theory, a rule that allows communicators to translate content into speech acts and speech acts into content |
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regulative rule |
in CMM theory, a rule that tells communicators how to appropriate a given speech act is in a given context |
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episode |
one of the contexts identified in CMM theory, it refers to the situation in which an interaction occurs
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relationship |
one of the contexts identified in CMM theory, it refers to the kind of relationship that exists between communicators
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life script |
a relatively fixed way of thinking about the self and relating to others that is organized around general themes for living one's life; in CMM theory, it refer to the self-images of the participants
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cultural patterns |
one of the contexts identified in CMM theory, it refers to the cultural norms that govern communication
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
the idea that there is a relationship between language, thought, and action; consists of two propositions, linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity
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linguistic determinism |
the proposition that language affects thought
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linguistic relativity |
the proposition that people who speak different languages experience the world differently
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elaborated code |
a language code associated with middle-class speakers; its primary use is to convey information; meanings are explicitly coded into words
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restricted code |
a language code associated with working-class speakers, it is often used to create social solidarity; it does not put all of the meaning it conveys into words; instead, it assumes that listeners will pick up information from context
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critical theorists |
theorists who believe that there is a power dimension to language such that groups that control language also control thought and action
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muted-group theorists |
theorists who argue that subordinate groups are often silenced, especially when the way they use language is defined as trivial or subordinate
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worldview |
a culture's orientation toward fundamental concepts such as God, human nature, morality, and other philosophical issues
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control cultures |
cultures that hold that people can control their own destinies; opposite of constraint cultures |
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constraint cultures |
cultures that hold the people have very little control over their lives and that events are controlled by external sources such as fate; opposite of control cultures
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doing cultures |
cultures in which people's self-worth is measured by their ability to accomplish tasks; opposite of being cultures
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being cultures |
cultures in which people's self-worth is measured by their ability to maintain relationships; opposite of doing cultures
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M-time cultures |
cultures that are monochronic; people segment and organize time in a linear way
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P-time cultures |
cultures that are polychromic; people have a more holistic attitude towards time; several tasks may be undertaken at the same time; clock time is relatively unimportant
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individualist cultures |
"I" cultures; the basic unit is the individual working in his or her own best interest
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collectivist cultures |
"we" cultures; the basic unit is the group; and individuals sacrifice for the group
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horizontal individualism |
an individualist culture in which people are relatively equal in status
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vertical individualism |
an individualist culture in which there are status differences among members |
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horizontal collectivism |
a collectivist culture in which people are relatively equal is status
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vertical collectivism |
a collectivist culture in which there are status differences among members
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low-context cultures |
cultures which most meaning is conveyed explicitly in words; context is not as important as verbal communication, and accuracy and directness are prized
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high-context cultures |
cultures in which context is shared and is an important source of information; indirectness and subtlety are prized
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effort optimism |
the idea that if people work hard, they can achieve their goals
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American English (AE) |
refers to language practices of the current dominant ethnic group in America (whites of European ancestry)
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African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) |
a form of English associated with members of predominantly African-American communities; it has a well-developed grammar; many linguistics argue that AAVE incorporates some aspects of Niger-Congo African patterns
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call-and-response pattern |
a characteristic of AAVE in which a speaker's statements (or calls) are punctuated by responses from the listener |
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intercultural communication |
communication between members of groups who have been taught a different set of understandings about the world
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prejudice |
a negative social attitude held by members of one groups towards members of another
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attitude |
a generalized evaluation of a stimulus object
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in-group members |
people who share a common group identity
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out-group members |
a person who comes from a different social group
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negative interpretation |
a cognitive bias that consists of seeing everything that out-group members do as negative
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discounting |
a cognitive bias that consists of dismissing anything positive done by an out-group member as an exception
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fundamental attribution error |
a cognitive bias that consists of interpreting another's negative behavior as internal or dispositional rather than external
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exaggeration |
a cognitive bias that consists of seeing negative behaviors by out-group members as more extreme than they actually are
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polarization |
a cognitive bias that consists of magnifying differences between in-group and out-group communicaiton
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ethnocentrism |
the belief that one's own culture is better than any other
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assumed similarity |
a barrier to cross-cultural understanding in which individuals refuse to recognize true differences between groups
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republican mother |
the idea, prevalent in the 19th century, that the goal of the mother was to instill patriotism and create good citizens
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character |
an ideal behavior valued during the nineteenth century; character consists of qualities like thrift, hard work, duty, self-sacrifice, good deeds, integrity, and a spotless reputation
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personality |
1) an ideal of the twentieth century, consisting of qualities that make one stand out in a crowd, and appear friendly and personable
2) the organized, enduring, and characteristic ways that an individual is predisposed to behave; often assumed to be innate |