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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to your textbook, the three major goals of publicspeaking are to _________, to _________, and to _________. |
ANSWER: inform; persuade; entertain |
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As discussed in your textbook, conversation and publicspeaking share at least four similarities, including: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ |
a. organizing one's thoughts logically b. tailoring a message to one's audience c. telling a story for maximum impact d. adapting to listener feedback |
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What are the three primary differences discussed in yourtextbook between public speaking and conversation? a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ |
a. Public speaking is more highly structured. b. Public speaking requires more formal language. c. Public speaking requires a different manner of delivery. |
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List five measures you can take to help control yournervousness when giving a speech. 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________ 5. ______________________________ |
Gain experience in public speaking. Pick speech topics you care about. Think positively about your speech. Be at your best physically and mentally.Concentrate on communicating with the audience and not on worrying about being nervous. Take a couple of deep breaths before starting to speak. Work especially hard on your introduction. Make eye contact with members of the audience. Use visual aids. |
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Because a listener's _________ can never be exactly the sameas a speaker's, the meaning of a message will never be exactlythe same to a listener as to a speaker. |
ANSWER: frame of reference |
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The messages sent by listeners to a speaker are called_________. |
feedback |
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Concern by a listener about lawn mower noise outside the room,an upcoming test, or a sick relative are all examples of_________. |
interference |
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_________ lets you know how your message is being received byyour audience. |
ANSWER: Feedback |
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The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to allother groups or cultures is termed _________. |
ANSWER: ethnocentrism |
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_________ is the branch of philosophy that deals with issuesof right and wrong in human affairs. |
ANSWER: Ethics |
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According to the ancient Roman rhetorician Quintilian, theideal of ethical speechmaking is the _________ person speaking_________. |
ANSWER: good; well |
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The five guidelines in your textbook for ethical publicspeaking are: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ e. ______________________________ |
a. Make sure your goals are ethically sound b. Be fully prepared for each speech c. Be honest in what you say d. Avoid name-calling and abusive language e. Put ethical principles into practice |
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Representing someone else's information in a speech or paperas though it were your own is called _________. |
ANSWER: plagiarism |
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The three types of plagiarism discussed in your text are_________, _________, and _________. |
ANSWER: global plagiarism; patchwork plagiarism; incrementalplagiarism |
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_________ plagiarism occurs when a speaker steals a speechentirely from another source and passes it off as his or her own. |
ANSWER: Global |
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The three guidelines presented in your textbook for ethicallistening are: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ |
a. Be courteous and attentive b. Avoid prejudging the speaker c. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas |
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Even when we listen carefully, we usually grasp only about_________ percent of a speaker's message. |
ANSWER: 50 |
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18. People spend more time _________ than in any othercommunication activity. |
ANSWER: listening |
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According to your textbook, when you listen to evaluate aspeaker's message for purposes of accepting it or rejecting it,you are engaged in _________ listening. |
ANSWER: critical |
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According to your textbook, when you listen primarily forpleasure or enjoyment, you are engaged in _________ listening. |
ANSWER: appreciative |
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According to your textbook, when you listen to provideemotional support for the speaker, you are engaged in _________listening. |
ANSWER: empathic |
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According to your textbook, when you listen primarily tounderstand the message of a speaker (for example, taking notes ina classroom lecture), you are engaged in _________ listening. |
ANSWER: comprehensive |
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The four causes of poor listening discussed in your textbookare a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ |
a. not concentrating b. listening too hard c. jumping to conclusions d. focusing on delivery and personal appearance |
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Your textbook gives six suggestions for becoming a betterlistener. List four of them. a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ |
Take listening seriously. Resist distractions. Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery.Suspend judgment. Focus your listening. Develop note-taking skills. |
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When focusing your listening, you should listen for_________, _________, and _________. |
ANSWER: main points; evidence; technique |
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List at least three qualities you should listen for in aspeaker's evidence: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ |
sufficiencyaccuracyobjectivityrelevance |
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What are three techniques recommended in the text to help youwhen you are having trouble choosing a speech topic? |
a. make an inventory of your hobbies, interests, beliefs, etc. b. brainstorm c. look through a reference work to find an interesting topic |
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When your general purpose is to _________, you act as ateacher or lecturer. |
ANSWER: inform |
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When your general purpose is to _________, you act as apartisan or an advocate. |
ANSWER: persuade |
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The _________ reveals precisely what the speaker hopes toaccomplish in his or her speech. |
ANSWER: specific purpose statement |
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"To persuade my audience that irradiation of food is notharmful" is an example of a _________. |
ANSWER: specific purpose statement |
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List at least three questions you should ask about thesuitability of your specific purpose for your audience. |
a. Is it relevant to my audience? b. Is it too technical for my audience? c. Is it too trivial for my audience? |
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The _________ usually encapsulates the main points of yourspeech in a single sentence. |
ANSWER: central idea |
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Explain what is wrong with the following poorly writtencentral idea for a persuasive speech: "Something must be doneabout the homeless in America." |
It is too general; it does not indicate what "must bedone." |
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Explain what is wrong with the following poorly writtencentral idea for an informative speech: "Origins of soccer." |
Explain what is wrong with the following poorly writtencentral idea for an informative speech: "Origins of soccer." |
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Explain what is wrong with the following poorly writtencentral idea for an informative speech: "What happened todinosaurs?" |
ANSWER: It is written as a question, rather than as a statement. |
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Explain what is wrong with the following poorly writtencentral idea for a persuasive speech: "Lawyers who promotefrivolous personal injury suits are just a bunch of greedy bums!" |
ANSWER: It is expressed with figurative language |
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What is wrong with the following specific purpose statementfor a persuasive speech? Ineffective Specific Purpose: Why does the United States need to develop more nuclear powerplants? |
ANSWER: Error: written as a question, not as a statement |
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What is wrong with the following specific purpose statementfor a persuasive speech? Ineffective Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that something must be done to curb theproblem of computer theft on our campus. |
ANSWER: Error: too vague or general; doesn't indicate what the audience shoulddo |
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What is wrong with the following specific purpose statementfor an informative speech? Ineffective Specific Purpose:The interior design of the White House. |
ANSWER: Error: written as a fragment, not as a full sentence |
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What is wrong with the following specific purpose statementfor an informative speech? Ineffective Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the principles of aerodynamics andhow to build a kite. |
Error: contains more than one distinct idea |
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Supply the general purpose, specific purpose, and centralidea for a speech with the following main points:Main Points: I. The first step in making red wine is harvesting the grapes. II. The second step in making red wine is preparing the grapes. III. The third step in making red wine is fermenting the grapes. IV. The fourth step in making red wine is pressing the grapes. V. The fifth step in making red wine is aging the wine. |
ANSWER: General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the basic steps in making red wine. Central Idea: There are five basic steps in making red wine: harvesting the grapes, preparing the grapes, fermenting the grapes, pressing the grapes, and aging the wine. |
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Supply the general purpose, specific purpose, and main pointsfor a speech with the following central idea: Central Idea: The three major causes of decaying bridges in theUnited States are overloading, weather, and neglect. |
General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the three major causes of decaying bridges in the United States. Main Points: I. The first major cause of deteriorating bridges in the United States is overloading. II. The second major cause of deteriorating bridges in the United States is weather. III. The third major cause of deteriorating bridges in the United States is neglect. |
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Supply the general purpose, specific purpose, and main pointsfor a speech with the following central idea: Central Idea: Devil's Island was called "the prison from whichthere is no return" because escape was virtually impossible andbecause large numbers of prisoners died there. |
General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience why Devil's Island was called "the prison from which there is no return." Main Points: I. Devil's Island was called "the prison from which there is no return" because escape was virtually impossible. II. Devil's Island was called "the prison from which there is no return" because large numbers of prisoners died there. |
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Because listeners are _________, they typically approachspeeches by asking "Why is this important to me?" |
ANSWER: egocentric |
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Age, gender, religion, group membership, and racial, ethnicor cultural background are among the factors to be considered in_________ audience analysis. |
ANSWER: demographic |
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If you were giving a speech to a general audience about theearly days of rock and roll, the _________ of your listenerswould probably be the most important factor to consider in yourdemographic audience analysis. |
ANSWER: age |
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If you were giving a speech about the role of women in combatto a general audience, the _________ of your listeners wouldprobably be the most important factor to consider in yourdemographic audience analysis. |
ANSWER: gender |
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According to your textbook, the five major factors toconsider in situational audience analysis are a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ e. ______________________________ |
a. size of the audience b. physical setting of the speech c. the audience's disposition toward the topic d. the audience's disposition toward the speakere. the audience's disposition toward the occasion |
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As a general rule, the larger your audience, the more_________ your presentation should be. |
ANSWER: formal |
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The three most important factors to consider when determiningan audience's disposition toward a speaker's topic are theaudience's _________, _________, and _________. |
ANSWER: interest; knowledge; attitude |
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When used in an audience-analysis questionnaire, _________questions are valuable because they produce clear, unambiguous answers. |
ANSWER: fixed-alternative |
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The major advantage of using _________ questions in anaudience analysis questionnaire is that they help reveal thestrength of a respondent's attitudes or feelings. |
ANSWER: scale |
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In constructing an audience analysis questionnaire, youshould use _________ questions when you want to give respondents maximum leeway in answering. |
ANSWER: open-ended |
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If you have difficulty finding a library item, you should consult ___________. |
ANSWER: a librarian |
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Periodicals are best found in _________. |
ANSWER: Periodical databases. |
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A(n) _________ is a summary of a magazine or journal article written by someone other than the original author. |
ANSWER: abstract |
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The best database to use when searching for newspaper articles is probably _________ . |
ANSWER: Lexis/Nexis |
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_________ are the best all-purpose sources of general overviews of a topic. |
ANSWER: Encyclopedias |
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_________ are filled with annual statistics. |
ANSWER: Yearbooks |
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The best reference source for finding the origins of English words is the _______. |
ANSWER: Oxford English Dictionary |
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An imaginary story used in a speech to illustrate a generalpoint is called a(n) _________ example. |
ANSWER: hypothetical |
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The _________, popularly called the average, is determined byadding up all the items in a group and dividing by the number ofitems. |
ANSWER: mean |
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The _________ is the middle figure in a group once thenumbers are put in order from highest to lowest. |
ANSWER: median |
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The number that occurs the most in a group of numbers is the_________. |
ANSWER: mode |
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According to your textbook, three questions you should askwhen evaluating statistics are: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ |
a. Are the statistics representative? b. Are statistical measures used correctly? c. Are the statistics from a reliable source? |
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If you quoted the head of the United States Center forDisease Control on chronic fatigue syndrome, you would be using_________ testimony. |
ANSWER: expert |
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If you quoted Carl Rove, speechwriter for president Bush, on the role of speechwriters in the politicalprocess, you would be using _________ testimony. |
ANSWER: expert |
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If you quoted your roommate in a speech about the stress ofbeing a college student, you would be using _________ testimony. |
ANSWER: peer |
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If you quoted your younger cousin in a speech about herexperience playing Little League baseball, you would be using_________ testimony. |
ANSWER: peer |
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When you give the gist of someone else's statement in yourown words, you are _________. |
ANSWER: paraphrasing |
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A speech narrating a series of historical events will usuallybe arranged in _________ order. |
ANSWER: chronological |
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A speech demonstrating how to build a soap box derby car willprobably be arranged in _________ order. |
ANSWER: chronological |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. The rise of the American film industry started with the age of silent movies from 1910 to 1930. II. The American film industry was at its peak during the Golden Age of Hollywood from 1930 to 1950. III. Since 1950 the American film industry has withstood the rise of television and the development of home video systems. |
ANSWER: chronological |
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Because it is adaptable to such a wide variety of topics andpurposes, _________ order is used more than any other pattern ofspeech organization. |
ANSWER: topical |
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A speech with the specific purpose "To inform my audience ofthe causes, symptoms, and treatment of diabetes" will probably bearranged in _________ order. |
ANSWER: topical |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. As a painter, Picasso tested the limits of abstraction. II. As a sculptor, Picasso often incorporated "found" objects. III. As a printmaker, Picasso gave vent to his whimsy and eroticism. |
ANSWER: topical |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. The first major type of environmental pollution is land pollution. II. The second major type of environmental pollution is air pollution. III. The third major type of environmental pollution is water pollution. |
ANSWER: topical |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. Rabies in people is almost always caused by the bite of an infected animal. II. The symptoms of rabies include drooling, changes in temperament, sudden changes in voice, and abnormal positioning of the limbs. III. It is vital that people exposed to rabies seek prompt medical treatment. |
ANSWER: topical |
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Speeches arranged in _________ order follow a directionalpattern from top to bottom, east to west, or some other route. |
ANSWER: spatial |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. The raised right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty symbolize America's role as a beacon light of liberty to people the world over. II. The body of the Statue of Liberty is lined with staircases, which give a good view of the inside contours. III. The base of the Statue of Liberty contains a plaque with the poignant lines beginning "Give me your tired, your poor..." |
ANSWER: spatial |
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A speech whose specific purpose is to show a cause-effectrelationship is usually organized in _________ order. |
ANSWER: causal |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. The effects of acid rain continue to kill fish throughout lakes in the northeastern United States. II. The major cause of acid rain pollution is airborne industrial pollutants. |
ANSWER: causal |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. Gambling addiction is an increasingly serious problem throughout the United States. II. The problem of gambling addiction can best be solved by a combination of education and rehabilitation. |
ANSWER: problem-solution |
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The following main points are arranged in _________ order. I. Political action committees are undermining responsible government at both the state and federal levels. II. The most important step to solving this problem is to limit the amount of money political action committees can give to candidates for public office. |
ANSWER: problem-solution |
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_________ are words or phrases that join one thought toanother and indicate the relationship between them. |
ANSWER: Connectives |
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Technically, _________ state both the idea the speaker isleaving and the one she or he is coming to. |
ANSWER: transitions |
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A(n) _________ works just like the preview statement in theintroduction, except that it comes in the body of the speech. |
ANSWER: internal preview |
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"The final point I'd like to present..." is an example ofa(n) _________. |
ANSWER: signpost |
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What, according to your textbook are the four basic guidelines for main points in a speech. a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ |
ANSWER: a. Limit the number of main points. b. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points. c. Keep main points separate. d. Try to use the same pattern of wording for all main points. |
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What are the four major objectives of a speech introduction? a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ |
ANSWER: a. get the attention and interest of the audience b. reveal the topic of the speech c. establish the speaker's credibility and good will d. preview the body of the speech |
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When you use a _________ question in the introduction of aspeech, you expect your audience to answer mentally rather thanaloud. |
ANSWER: rhetorical |
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Establishing _________ in a speech introduction is a matterof getting your audience to perceive you as qualified to speak onthe topic. |
ANSWER: credibility |
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List six methods you can use to gain the attention andinterest of an audience in the introduction of a speech. a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ e. ______________________________ f. ______________________________ |
ANSWER: The textbook discusses seven methods: Relate the topic to the audience. State the importance of the topic. Startle the audience. Arouse the curiosity of the audience. Question the audience. Begin with a quotation. Tell a story. The textbook also mentions five additional methods: Refer to theoccasion. Invite audience participation. Use audio equipment or visual aids. Relate to a previous speaker. Begin with humor.Any six of these twelve methods should constitute a satisfactory answer. |
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The _________ provides a lead-in from the introduction to thebody of the speech. |
ANSWER: preview statement |
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The two major functions of a speech conclusion are to_________ and to _________. |
ANSWER: signal the end of the speech; reinforce the central idea |
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When you use a(n) _________ ending, the speech builds inforce until it reaches a zenith of power and intensity in theconclusion. |
ANSWER: crescendo |
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The four methods discussed in the text for reinforcing thecentral idea in a speech conclusion are: |
a. summarize the main points b. end with a quotation c. make a dramatic statement |
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A detailed outline for the planning stage of a speech iscalled a _________ outline. |
ANSWER: preparation |
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A bibliography is often included as part of the _________outline. |
ANSWER: preparation |
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A _________ outline should include cues for delivering thespeech. |
ANSWER: speaking |
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The textbook gives four guidelines for a speaking outline.They are: |
a. Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline b. Make sure the outline is plainly legible c. Keep the outline as brief as possible d. Include cues for delivering the speech |
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The _________ meaning of a word includes all of theassociations and feelings the word touches off in differentpeople, while the _________ meaning of a word is best thought ofas its dictionary definition. |
ANSWER: connotative; denotative |
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Three methods explained in your textbook for using languageclearly are: |
a. use concrete words b. use familiar words c. eliminate clutter |
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Rearrange the following words in order from most general andabstract to most concrete and specific: transportation, Ford products, vehicles, Mustangs, automobiles |
ANSWER: (transportation, vehicles, automobiles, Ford products, Mustangs) |
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Rearrange the following words in order from the most generaland abstract to the most concrete and specific: physics, Einstein, science, intellectual endeavor, physicist |
ANSWER: (intellectual endeavor, science, physics, physicist, Einstein) |
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Using _________ words is the key to creating effective verbalimagery. |
ANSWER: concrete |
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A _________ is a figurative comparison that always containsthe word "like" or "as." |
ANSWER: simile |
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A form of creating imagery in a speech that involves animplied comparison between things that are essentially differentis termed _________. |
ANSWER: metaphor |
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The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related wordsis a language device called _________. |
ANSWER: parallelism |
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When you repeat the initial consonant sound of close oradjoining words, you are using the language device known as_________. |
ANSWER: alliteration |
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In public speaking, the use of language should be appropriateto: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ |
a. the audience b. the occasion c. the topic d. the speaker |
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A speech delivered without any immediate preparation iscalled a(n) _________ speech. |
ANSWER: impromptu |
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A speech that is fully prepared in advance but delivered froma brief set of notes or a speaking outline is called a(n)_________ speech. |
ANSWER: extemporaneous |
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The relative highness or lowness of speech sounds is called_________. |
ANSWER: pitch |
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_________ refers to the speed at which a person speaks. |
ANSWER: Rate |
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Mark Twain said, "The right word might be effective, but noword was ever as effective as a rightly timed _________." |
ANSWER: pause |
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Changes in a speaker's pitch, rate, volume, and pauses arereferred to as _________. |
ANSWER: vocal variety |
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Sloppy _________ is the failure to form particular speechsounds crisply and distinctly. |
ANSWER: articulation |
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_________ is the ability to say a word as indicated in adictionary, while _________ is the ability to form speech soundsdistinctly. |
ANSWER: Pronunciation; articulation |
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How we use eye contact, body movement, gestures, and otherforms of nonverbal communication is the subject of an area ofstudy known as _________. |
ANSWER: kinesics |
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Because they send such revealing nonverbal messages, we thinkof the _________ as "the windows of the soul." |
ANSWER: eyes |
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Ways of speaking based on regional or ethnic speech patternsare known as _________. |
ANSWER: dialects |
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The three major advantages of using visual aids in a speechare _________, _________, and _________. |
ANSWER: clarity; interest; retention |
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If the object you want to use as a visual aid is notavailable to you, the next best option ideally is a(n) _________. |
ANSWER: model |
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A(n) _________ is usually the best kind of visual aid forclarifying statistics. |
ANSWER: graph |
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If you wanted to illustrate the increase in the number ofpeople in the U.S. with college degrees since 1900, the best kindof visual aid would probably be a(n) _________ |
ANSWER: graph |
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While a _________ graph is best for illustrating simpledistribution patterns, a _________ graph is best for showingcomparisons between two or more items. |
ANSWER: pie; bar |
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If you wanted to list the steps of a process to help youraudience remember them better, the best kind of visual aid to usewould probably be a(n) _________. |
ANSWER: chart |
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If you wanted to summarize the steps involved in combattingfrostbite, the best kind of visual aid would probably be a(n)_________. |
ANSWER: chart |
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What kind of visual aid would probably be most effective forexplaining each of the following? Explain your choice of visualaid in each case. |
a. The basic equipment and techniques of scuba diving. b. The increase in the United States national debt since 1920. c. Where to write for information about career opportunities available to college graduates with degrees in engineering. d. The markings on different species of tropical fish. |
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Explain each of the following guidelines for using visualaids in a speech: |
a. Avoid using the chalkboard for visual aids. b. Prepare visual aids in advance. c. Do not pass visual aids among the audience.d. Practice with visual aids when rehearsing the speech. |
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"To inform my audience about the different sections of amedieval cathedral" is a specific purpose statement for aninformative speech about a(n) _________. "To inform my audienceabout the beliefs of major Christian sects during the middleages" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speechabout a(n) _________. |
ANSWER: object; concept |
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If you were giving an informative speech describing thedifferent regions of Ireland, you would probably arrange thespeech in _________ order. |
ANSWER: spatial |
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"To inform my audience how to arrange flowers like aprofessional florist" is a specific purpose statement for aninformative speech about a(n) _________. |
ANSWER: process |
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"To inform my audience how to improve their golf game" is aspecific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)_________. "To inform my audience about the origins of golf inthe British Isles" is a specific purpose statement for aninformative speech about a(n) _________. |
ANSWER: process; event |
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Informative speeches about processes can be arranged ineither _________ or _________ order. |
ANSWER: chronological; topical |
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There are many ways to organize informative speeches aboutevents. If your goal is to recount the history of an event, youwould most likely arrange the speech in _________ order. |
ANSWER: chronological |
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Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in_________ order. |
ANSWER: topical |
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"Never _________ -estimate the information of your audience;never _________ -estimate the intelligence of your audience." |
ANSWER: over; under |
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List the five guidelines given in your textbook for effectiveinformative speaking. |
Don't overestimate what the audience knows.Relate the subject directly to the audience. Don't be too technical. Personalize your ideas. Avoid abstractions. |
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The three kinds of questions that give rise to persuasivespeeches are questions of _________, questions of _________, andquestions of _________. |
ANSWER: fact; value; policy |
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"To persuade my audience that the Loch Ness monster does notreally exist" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasivespeech on a question of _________. |
ANSWER: fact |
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"To persuade my audience that businesses have no right usingdrug tests and lie detector tests to pry into employees' privatelives" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech ona question of _________. |
ANSWER: value |
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"To persuade my audience that our state should impose stricterregulations governing the safety of amusement park rides" is aspecific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a questionof _________. |
ANSWER: policy |
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Persuasive speeches on questions of _________ argue for oragainst particular courses of action. |
ANSWER: policy |
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Questions of _________ usually include the word "should." |
ANSWER: policy |
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"Who is the greatest Impressionist painter?" is a question of_________. "Should public museums be allowed to raise revenue byselling masterpieces to private collectors?" is a question of_________. "What is the most expensive piece of art sold on theopen market in the twentieth century?" is a question of_________. |
ANSWER: value; policy; fact |
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The three basic issues of persuasive speeches on questions ofpolicy are _________, _________, and _________. |
ANSWER: need; plan; practicality |
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The following main points for a persuasive speech on aquestion of policy are arranged in _________ order. I. Pollution of the world's oceans has become a major international problem. II. There are two major causes of the problem. III. The solution will require international cooperation to reduce the amount of waste dumped into the oceans and to repair the damage that has already been done. |
ANSWER: problem-cause-solution |
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The following main points for a persuasive speech on aquestion of policy are arranged in _________ order: I. Air bags are superior to seat belts because they provide more complete protection in case of a serious automobile crash. II. Air bags are superior to seat belts because they inflate automatically, rather than depending on the driver to "buckle up." |
ANSWER: comparative advantages |
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The five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence are: |
a. attention b. need c. satisfaction d. visualization e. action |
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What most modern students of persuasion refer to ascredibility, Aristotle referred to as _________. |
ANSWER: ethos |
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Above all, a speaker's credibility is affected by twofactors: _________ and _________. |
ANSWER: competence; character |
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_________ credibility is the credibility of the speakerbefore she or he begins to speak. _________ credibility is thecredibility produced by everything the speaker says and doesduring the speech. _________ credibility is the credibility ofthe speaker at the end of the speech. |
ANSWER: Initial; Derived; Terminal |
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When used in a persuasive speech, supporting materials suchas examples, statistics, and testimony are referred to as_________. |
ANSWER: evidence |
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Your textbook presents four tips for using evidence in a per |
a. Use specific evidence b. Use novel evidence c. Use evidence from credible sources d. Make clear the point of your evidence |
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_________ is a process of drawing a conclusion based onevidence. |
ANSWER: Reasoning |
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According to your textbook, the following statement is anexample of _________ reasoning: President John Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The Beatles hit the top of the charts for the first time less than a month later. Can there be any doubt that the Beatles' rise to popularity was brought about partly by Kennedy's death, which left a void in the hearts of America's youth that was quickly filled by the dynamic singing group? |
ANSWER: causal |
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According to your textbook, the following statement is anexample of _________ reasoning: In the state of Texas, high school students cannot compete in extracurricular activities unless they maintain passing grades. If such a plan can work in Texas, it can work in our state, too. |
ANSWER: analogical |
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According to your textbook, the following statement is anexample of reasoning from _________. In Montana an infant's underactive thyroid went undiagnosed for three months because of a medical laboratory testing error. In Louisiana a 26-year-old woman died because a medical laboratory inaccurately analyzed a mole that had been removed from her neck as noncancerous. And in California a teacher lost his life to a rare form of pneumonia when a medical laboratory confused his test results with those of another person. We can see, then, that inaccurate medical lab tests are a problem throughout the United States. |
ANSWER: specific instances |
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Your textbook discusses three methods of generating emotionalappeal in a persuasive speech. The three methods are |
a. Use emotional language b. Develop vivid examples c. Speak with sincerity and conviction |
