Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition |
Mental Activity that describes the acquestion, storage, transformation, and the use of knowledge. |
|
Cognitive Psychology |
Has two meanings
|
|
Cognitive Psychology |
A theoretical orientation that emphasizes people's thought processes and their knowledge. |
|
Empirical Evidence |
Also known as scientific evidence that is obtained by careful observation and experimentation. |
|
Who studied the Empirical Evidence? |
Aristotle. He is considered the first cognitive psychologist. |
|
Introspective |
Meant that carefully trained observes would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible. |
|
Recency Effect |
Refers to the observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final item in a series of stimuli. |
|
Who discovered the Recency Effect? |
Mary Whiton Calkins |
|
Hermann Ebbinghaus |
First person to scientifically study human memory. |
|
Who discovered Introspection? |
Wilhelm Wundt |
|
William James |
Wrote the Principles of Psychology. |
|
Behaviorism |
Psychology must focus on objective, observable reactions to stimuli in the environment, rather than introspective. |
|
John B. Watson |
Most prominent early behaviorist. |
|
Operational Definition |
A precise definition that specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured. |
|
Gestalt Psychology |
Emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see; furthermore the whole is greater than the sum of its part. |
|
Gestalt |
Overall quality that transcends the individual elements. |
|
Frederic Bartlett |
Studied the human memory. He wrote a book called Remembering an Experimental and Social Study. This book is known as one of the most popular books in the history of cognitive psychology. |
|
Information processing approach |
Argues that: |
|
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model |
proposed that memory involves a sequence of separate steps; in each step, information is transferred from one area to another. |
|
Sensory Memory |
A storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy |
|
Short-term Memory/ Working Memory |
Holds only the small amount of information that you are actively using. |
|
Long term Memory |
This has enormous capacity because it contains memories that are decades old. Memories stored here are permanent, compared to the information stored in working memory. |
|
Cognitive Neuroscience |
Combines the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain. |
|
Social Cognitive Neuroscience |
The use of neuroscience techniques to explore the kind of cognitive processes. |
|
Brain lesions |
Refers to the destruction of an area in the brain. Most often they are caused by strokes, tumors, blows to the head, and accidents. |
|
Positron Emisson Tomography Scan |
Researches measure blood flow in the brain by injecting them with a low dose of radioactive chemicals just before the person works on a cognitive task. Parts of the brain activate during the test, and a camera makes an image of the accumulated radioactive chemical in various regions of the brain. |
|
Fuctional Magnetic reasonance imaging Scan |
These are based on the principle that oxygen rich blood is an index of brain activity. |
|
Event-Related Potential technique |
Records the very brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity, in response to a stimulus such as an auditory tone. |
|
Artifical Intelligence |
A branch of computer science. It seeks to explore human cognitive processes by creating computer models that show "intelligent behavior" and also accomplish the same tasks that humans do. |
|
Computer Metaphor |
Our cognitive processes work like a computer that is a complex multipurpose machine that processes information quickly and accurately. |
|
Pure artificial Intelligence |
Is an approach that designs a program to accomplish a cognitive task as efficiently as possible. Even if the computer's processes are completly different from the processes used by humans. |
|
Computer Simulation/Computer Modeling |
Attempts to take human limitations into account. |
|
Connectionist Approach |
Argues that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron like units; in addition many operations can proceed simultaneously rather than at one step at a time. |
|
Cerebral Cortex |
Is the outer layer of the brain that is essential for your cognitive processes. |
|
Serial Processing |
The system must complete one step before it can proceed to the next step in the flowchart. |
|
Parallel Processing |
Numerous signals handled at the same time, rather than serial processing. |
|
Cognitive Science |
The interdisciplinary field that tries to answer questions about the mind. |
|
William James focused on this rather than nonsense syllables or introspection technique? |
Everyday psychological experiences. |
|
Principles of Psychology provides |
Clear, detailed, descriptions about people's everyday experiences. |
|
Gestalt psychologists focused on |
the importance of problem solving. |
|
Frederic Bartlett proposed that |
People make systematic errors when trying to recall stories. He proposed that human memory is an active, constructive process, in which we interpret and transform the information we encounter. |
|
The birth of cognitive psychology? |
1956 |
|
Jean Piaget |
Studied that children's cognitive strategies in order to conduct experiments about scientific principles. |
|
Ecological Validity |
If the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied. |