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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Existential approaches to psychotherapy are more ______ than _______. |
Philosophical; pragmatic. |
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Phenomenology = |
the subjective experience of a person |
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ET's roots are in |
Existential philosophy |
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Existential philosophy = |
the study of being and phenomenology; emphasizes that all we can really know is our own experience |
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ET ideas should be a part of all acts of therapy |
true; because all humans face the ultimate concerns |
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Yalom defines ET as |
a dynamic approach to therapy which focuses on concerns that are rooted in the individual's existence |
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Continential/European school of thought emphasizes the |
limitations and tragedy of the human condition |
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The United States school of thought emphasizes |
human potential and encounter |
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the US school of thought is closely related to the |
humanistic school exemplified by Rogers and Maslow. |
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Who was the founder of existential philosophy? |
Soren Kierkegaard |
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The most coherent and readable formulation of ET in counseling is presented by |
Yalom |
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The basic philosophy of ET Theorists is that |
humans are: free responsible for their own lives possessing the potential for self-actualization |
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Underlying ET philosophy is that |
the life of each human being is a finite drama enacted in a hostile or indifferent universe; the purpose of life is not at all given, but must be selected afresh by each individual through conscious acts of willfulness tempered by responsibility; no matter how close a person may feel toward another, each ultimate must face life alone. |
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Frankl added that |
to live is to suffer, to survive is to find meaning in the suffering |
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ET theorists recognize the human capacity for |
love and creativity |
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Frankl: The salvation of man is through; and in |
love |
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Frankl: The principal motivation of human beings is the |
search for meaning |
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For other ET Theorists, meaning is |
created; there is no discovery involved |
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Frankl: we discover life meaning through three routes: |
1. by creating a work/doing a deed 2. by experiencing something or encountering someone 3. by the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering |
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Proponents of ET generally accept the idea of the unconscious, but... |
its content differs from the instinctual drives Freud proposed. Instead, it contains the true nature of our existence - that we are finite beings alone in a meaningless world |
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ET theory is focused on the ______ of humans |
Being/existence |
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Four distinct ways of being: |
Umwelt Mitwelt Eigenwelt Uberwelt |
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Umwelt = |
being in the physical world |
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mitwelt = |
being in relation to others; the social/interpersonal world |
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eigenwelt = |
the inner psychological world; being in one's subjective experience |
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uberwelt = |
the spiritual world |
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Truly authentic existence means |
attending to all four realms |
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ET theorists assume that everyone experiences _________ |
anxiety |
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Anxiety arises from |
our personal need to survive, to preserve our being, and to assert our being |
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The most powerful anxiety is ___________ and is associated with __________ |
existential anxiety; the awareness of one's mortality |
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Yalom identified four existential themes of human existence |
Death Freedom Meaning Isolation |
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The ultimate concern is |
death |
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The source of most psychological dysfunction is |
death and the anxiety it triggers |
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the awareness of death, however, |
gives meaning to life |
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Existential guilt = |
guilt we experience about possibilities unfulfilled |
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Existential guilt is ___________; because ________ |
unavoidable; every time we choose something, we discard an option |
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most ET theorists accept that human existence does not come with built in _________ |
meaning |
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Frankl on meaning: each individual's is __________ and is found only as a result of |
unique; a difficult search and perhaps unavoidable suffering |
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ET: We are always and ultimately |
alone |
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Awareness of ultimate concerns is |
inescapable |
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The result of anxiety is |
defense |
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Existential theorists aren't interested in personality because |
each individual has the choice on a moment by moment basis to determine who he is |
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the existential therapist is more interested in the client's _______ than in the _______ |
present; past |
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ET: Health = |
authenticity |
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ET: Psychological dysfunction is the result of |
living an unexamined life; not thinking about the values and meaning in our lives |
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The major source of psychological dysfunction is the |
awareness of death |
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Awareness of _______ raises _________, which then triggers ______________ ____________ |
ultimate concerns; anxiety; defense mechanisms |
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Frankl: Noogenic neurosis |
difficulties related to existential frustration or the lack of life meaning |
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We rely mostly on two important defense mechanisms: |
feeling special and believing in an ultimate rescuer |
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Do existential therapists do formal assessment? |
no |
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ET to assess and diagnose doesn't |
capture the essence of individual existence |
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ET is an ____________ approach |
experiential |
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Existential therapists are quite ________ in their relationships with clients |
Active |
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ET does not fit in a ______ _____ Model |
short term |
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the therapist in ET is a |
consultant who has a very real, deep caring for the client |
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As part of relating authentically, the therapist must have |
attended to his own existential issues |
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when a client is reluctant to face ultimate concerns, ET calls it |
evasion, rather than resistance |
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the purpose of psychotherapy in ET is |
to set people free: free of symptoms and free to be aware and to experience one's possibilities; to enable clients to live a more authentic life |
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an authentic life involves
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accepting the ultimate concerns of being - the inevitability of our own deaths |
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Beginning of ET therapeutic relationship = |
focused on building a strong, trusting therapeutic relationship |
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The working relationship phase = |
the ET Therapist assesses the client's material in terms of the four ways of being (Umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt, and uberwelt) |
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therapy should not be ____________-driven, but ___________-driven |
theory; relationship |
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ET: Resonances = |
evidences of the values, beliefs, and emotions that present themselves in the current encounter between therapist and client |
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The existential approach is _____________ techniques |
against |
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ET important elements of therapy = |
self-exploration, insight, and challenge |
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ET - Bracketing = |
the existential counselor must learn to suspend his own beliefs and biases in favor of fully understanding the client's world |
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ET Therapists are interested in observing the client's |
nonverbal expression and calling attention to it |
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the ET counselor can disclose in two different ways: |
about the process of therapy; about therapist's own existential struggles |
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ET paradoxical intention |
encouraging a client to go with a troublesome symptom
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ET dereflection = |
directing the client to turn attention out to the world |
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ET Dream analysis = looking for |
manifestations of the client's issues around the four ultimate concerns |
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ET Guided fantasy = |
using imagery to increase death awareness |
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ET is criticized because |
1. it isn't cohesive 2. writers are difficult to read 3. there isn't any one theorist to read to get an understanding 4. not very testable |
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ET is viable for use ______
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across cultures
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The themes of ET are particularly relevant for |
women |