Clin Path 2 Exam 2

Front 1

True

Back 1

True/False: All blood cells are derived from a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.

Front 2

False

Back 2

True/False: Heparin tubes (green top) are an excellent choice for doing a manual blood smear evaluation because this anticoagulant preserves cellular morphology.

Front 3

EDTA Tube

Back 3

Anticoagulant preferred for hematologic studies; does not alter cell morphology. Works by forming complex with calcium.

Front 4

Heparin

Back 4

Anticoag tubes. Used for tests requiring plasma samples (blood chemistry analysis). Cannot be used for differential (but WBCs don't stain). Prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

Front 5

Cirtrate and Oxalates

Back 5

Anticoag tube. Chelate calcium. Used for coag tests and transfusions. Can be mixed Na Fluoride to preserve GLUCOSE.

Front 6

True

Back 6

True/false: ICteric serum is normal in equine and ruminants.

Front 7

Hypoxia

Back 7

A broad term meaning diminished availability of oxygen to the body tissue.

Front 8

Anemia

Back 8

Leads to tissue hypoxia because there are not enough RBCs to carry O2 to where it is needed.

Front 9

Anemia

Back 9

Defined as decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Front 10

Something that is not a cause of anemia

Back 10

Dehydration

Front 11

Something that is a cause of anemia

Back 11

Decreased production of RBCs, increased destruction of RBCs, and decreased hemoglobin concentration within RBCs.

Front 12

Anisocytosis

Back 12

A variation in red blood cell size.

Front 13

Hemoglobin

Back 13

The iron-containing respiratory pigment in RBCs of vertebrates. The function unit of an RBC

Front 14

Red/tiger top

Back 14

The color top tube used when pulling blood for a serum sample.

Front 15

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MHCH)

Back 15

Helpful in the classification of certain types of anemia. 3 RBC indices that provide an objective measurement of size of RBC and their average hemoglobin concentration.

Front 16

Kidney

Back 16

Organ that produces erythropoietin due to low oxygen tension.

Front 17

Erythropoietin.

Back 17

Primarly produced in the kidney cells. The specific cytokine responsible for the production of erythrocytes.

Front 18

Lipemic

Back 18

When the plasma is white or cloudy due to the presence of fats/lipids in the sample.

Front 19

Lipemic sample

Back 19

Sample that indicates recent meal, pathology ,or familiah in the miniature Schnauzer dog breed.

Front 20

Hemolysis

Back 20

Red or pinkish plasma in sample. Attributed to rough handling of blood (forced blood through needle into the tube), difficult venipuncture or due to an illness.

Front 21

Purpose of a refractometer

Back 21

Tell us how many :solids" are in a biological fluid.

Front 22

Neutrophils

Back 22

WBCs that are first responders in times of inflammation and function to phagocytize microorganisms, such as bacteria.

Front 23

Von Willebrand's disease

Back 23

The most common inherited coagulation disorder of domestic animals.

Front 24

Heinz bodies

Back 24

Round structures in RBCs representing denatured hemoglobin and caused by oxidative damage (drugs,chemicals). They can only been seen with new methylene blue stain.

Front 25

Heinz body

Back 25

Denature Hb due to oxidative damage (NMB stain)

Front 26

Monocyte

Back 26

WBC where the nucleus varies in shape, may be round to kidney bean to horsoe shaped. Function as phagocytes, among other things. Becomes a macrophage when it leaves the blood stream and enters the tissue.

Front 27

Monocytes

Back 27

Front 28

Platelets

Back 28

form a plug at points of blood vessel leakage (endothelial damage). Form a plug that serves to stop the bleeding. Begin the healing process in times of endothelial damage (blood vessel lining).

Front 29

Iron

Back 29

Deficiency in which mineral would cause microcytic anemia

Front 30

Myelfibrosis

Back 30

Medical term for when most of the bone marrow is replaced by scar tissue and in incapable of producing blood cells.

Front 31

Slide 30

Back 31

CBC Review 1

Front 32

Spherocytes

Back 32

Darkly staining cells, with decreased surface area and no central pallor, that are suggestive of Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in the dog.

Front 33

Eosinophil

Back 33

Type of WBC with pink to lavender granules. Important in fighting parasites, and associated with allergic reaction.

Front 34

Spherocyte

Back 34

Front 35

Horses and cats

Back 35

Two species in which rouleaux i considered normal.

Front 36

Metarubricyte

Back 36

Another name for nRBC. If greater than 5 are seen, you need to correct the WBC count as to not have the counter count them at WBCs.

Front 37

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Back 37

The hemostatic disorder manifests as systemic hemorrhage or microvascular thrombosis.

Front 38

See slide 36-37

Back 38

CBC review 1

Front 39

Reticulocytes.

They indicate regenerative anemia.

NMB needed to see them.

Back 39

What are these? What do they indicate? What stain is needed to see them?

Front 40

See slide 3

Back 40

CBC review 2

Front 41

Two types of cat reticulocytes

Back 41

Punctuate and aggrgate (usually counted)

Front 42

horses ; pigs

Back 42

_____ don't show reticulocytes, but suckling _______ normally have many.

Front 43

Reticulocyte count

Back 43

Must be corrected for anemia if generated from an automatic hematology analyzer. An expression of the percentage of RBCs that are _____________. Determine the bone marrow's response to anemia.

Front 44

Slide 5-8

Back 44

CBC review 2

Front 45

Two ways to classify anemia

Back 45

Bone marrow response, and RBC size and hemoglobin concentration (RBC indices)

Front 46

Bone marrow response

Back 46

Regenerative will show nRBCs and reticulocytes. Blood loss or blood cell destruction. Non-regenerative has zero or very few (<1%) reticulocytes, indicating ______ ____________ dysfunction.

Front 47

RBC Size and Hemoglobin Concentration

Back 47

Normocytic - usually secondary to chronic disease.

Macrocytic - regenerative (reticulocytosis)

Microcytic - Iron deficiency

Hypochromic - Reticulocytosis

Normochromic - Most other types of anemia.

Front 48

Slide 10

Back 48

CBC Review 2

Front 49

Neutrophils

Back 49

Most common WBC in healthy dog and cat. Peripheral blood normally contains primarily segmented ones w/ occasional bands. Produced in bone marrow. Primary job is respond to inflammation or infecture. Phagocytize microorganisms such as bacteria.

Front 50

Heterophils

Back 50

Neutrophils in avian and some exotic species.

Front 51

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil

Back 51

When a neutrophil nucleus is elongated, in a mature neutrophil. Segmented. 3-5 nuclear lobes.

Front 52

Band neutrophil

Back 52

Immature neutrophil that is hypo-segmented.

Front 53

dog/cat ; bovine

Back 53

__________ the neutrophil cytoplasm stains pale pink with fine, diffuse clear granules. ___________ neutrophils may also stain pale pink.

Front 54

Slide 15-17

Back 54

CBC Review 2

Front 55

Lymphocytes

Back 55

Large nucleus, usually round to slightly indented nucleus. small ring of light blue cytoplasm with or without rare purple granules. Predominant WBC type in ruminants/bovines. 20-30% WBC.

Front 56

3 types of lymphocytes

Back 56

B Cells, T Cells, and Natural Killer cells.

Front 57

Monocytes

Back 57

Large cells with diffuse less dense nucleus. Nucleus varies in shape, kidney to horshoe shaped. BLue-gray abundant cytoplasm with or without vacuoles and granules. Functions as phagocytes.

Front 58

Macrophage

Back 58

A monocyte becomes a _________________ when it leaves the blood stream and enters the tissue.

Front 59

Eosinophils

Back 59

Often have segmented nucleus. Pink-lavender granules in cytoplasm, canine appearence can vary slightly with breed. Fighting parasites and play a role in allergies.

Front 60

Feline ; equine

Back 60

_____________ eosinophils have fine, rodlike lavendar granules. While ______________ ones are very distinctive with large, pink granules.

Front 61

Basophils

Back 61

WBCs rare in peripheral blood circulation. Granules stain purple to blue-black. Associated with symptoms seen in an allergic reaction such as swelling and bruising.

Front 62

See slide 25

Back 62

CBC review 2

Front 63

Toxic change in neutrophils

Back 63

Most common disease-induced change. Associated with inflammation, infection, and drug toxicity. If severe, indicate bacterial infection. More significant in dogs than cats.

Front 64

Cause of toxic change in neutrophils

Back 64

Decreased time of maturation in bone marrow, causing cytoplasm and nucleus to mature at different rates.

Front 65

Types of toxic change

Back 65

Cytoplasmic basophilia, Dohle's bodies (ribosomes seen in toxic neutrophils), vacuoles (foaminess), intensely-stained primary granules.

Front 66

See slide 27-28

Back 66

CBC Review 2

Front 67

Platelets

Back 67

Smallest blood "cell" that is actually a fragment of its precursor cell. Form a plug of points of blood vessel leakage (endothelial damage). Serves to stop the bleeding and to begin the healing process. Secrete numerous growth factors that air in blood vessel healing.

Front 68

See slide 30 - 31

Back 68

CBC Review 2

Front 69

Platelet morphology

Back 69

Anuclear, except in avian and some exotics. Clumping is common in cats and if observed the number is adequate. Large ones should be noted. LArger than RBCs in cats.

Front 70

See slide 33-34

Back 70

CBC review 2

Front 71

Fine Needle Aspirate

Back 71

Involves inserting a small needle (22G) into a mass, organ, or swelling, then depositing the collected material and onto a slide to be examined microscopically.

Front 72

Exfoliative cytology

Back 72

Study of cells shed from body surfaces, including cells present in fluid samples and secretions. the primary purpose of cytology is to differentiate inflammation and neoplasia.

Front 73

Fine Needle Biopsy

Back 73

If no aspiration is used to acquire a sample in Fine Needle Aspirate.

Front 74

Histopathology

Back 74

Observes cells in relation to their neighboring cells and evaluately cellular architecture. Requires a piece of tissue for review by a pathologist.

Front 75

Cytology

Back 75

Observes cells individually or in small groups. Cells randomly distributed with no evidence of their in vivo relationship to each other. Collection doesn't involve general anesthesia or surgical removal of the sample.

Front 76

in vivo ; in vitro

Back 76

_______ is latin for "within the living", while _______ is latin for within the glass, pertaining to examination via test tube, petri dish, etc.

Front 77

Mycology

Back 77

Study of fungi

Front 78

Fungus

Back 78

A general term for a group of eukaryotic organisms marked by their abscence of chlorophyll, the presence of a rigid cell wall in some stage of life, and the reproduction by means of spores.

Front 79

Yeast

Back 79

General term including unicellular, nucleated, usually rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Some are fermenters of carbs, and a few are pathogenic for animals.

Front 80

Gram stain

Back 80

Stain used to categorize bacteria as Gram + or Gram -. Will also detect Malassezia sp of yeast.

Front 81

Acid-Fast stain

Back 81

Stain primarily used to detect Myobacterium and Nocardia species, and leprosy.

Front 82

Giesma stain

Back 82

Stain primarily used for detection of spirochetes (lepto, borrelium ) and richettsiae, some fungal organisms, to detect the capsule of Baccillus anthracis and morphology of Dermatophilus congolensis (Rain scald)

Front 83

Lactophenol cotton blue

Back 83

Stain used only for microscopic identification of dermatophytes (such as ringworm)

Front 84

New Methylene Blue

Back 84

stain that will detect Malessezia organisms. Used to detect reticulocytes and Heinz bodies in a CBC.

Front 85

Stains for organism identification

Back 85

Gram stain, Acid Fast, Giesma, Lactophenol Cotton Blue, and New Methylene Blue.

Front 86

Romanowsky Stain

Back 86

Stain used for cell identification in cytological prep. Available as Diff-Quick, Wright's stain. Inexpensive, simple procedure, stains organisms and the cytoplasm of cells excellently.

Front 87

New Methylene Blue Stain

Back 87

Stain used for cell identification in cytological prep. Excellent nuclear and nucleoli detail. For detection of reticulocytes and Heinz bodies in CBS and Malassezia species of yeas from skin or ear cytologies.

Front 88

Papanicoulaou Stains

Back 88

Excellent nuclear and delicate cytoplasmic detail. Do not demonstrate bacteria as well as Romanowsky stain. difficult and time consuming.

Front 89

Slide 11-13

Back 89

Lecture 4

Front 90

See slide 15-16

Back 90

Lecture 4

Front 91

What you're looking for in ear cytology

Back 91

Gram + Bacteria (dark blue or purple)

Gram - Bacteria (Red)

Malassezia yeast (appear gram +)

Inflammatory cells (gram - )

Epithelial cells (Gram - or +)

Front 92

Often stain gram - and may mask detection of gram - bacteria

Back 92

Fibrin, mucus, erythrocytes.

Front 93

Parasites found in ear cytology

Back 93

Otodectes cyanosis, Demodex sp. (uncommon)

Front 94

slides 18-26

Back 94

Lecture 4

Front 95

Anetrus

Back 95

Reproductive cycle in dogs. No vulvar swelling, does not attract males dogs. Less than 4.5 months.

Front 96

Proestrus

Back 96

Reproductive cycle of dog. Swollen vulva, reddish vulvar discharge. Attracts but does not accept males. 4-13 days, 9 days on average.

Front 97

Estrus

Back 97

Reproductive cycle in dogs. Swollen vulva, pink to straw colored vulvar discharge, the bitch accepts the male dog attempting to mate, 4-13 days, 9 days on average.

Front 98

Diestrus

Back 98

Reproductive cycle in dogs. Vulvar swelling and discharge are decreased, bitch no longer accepts or attracts the male dog, lasts 2-3 months.

Front 99

Cytological evaluation of vaginal tissue

Back 99

Determine the stage of estrous cycle (dog and cat), aid timing of mating or artificial insemination.

Front 100

Cells in vaginal cytology

Back 100

Epithelial cells, blood cells, bacteria.

Front 101

Slides 30-31

Back 101

Lecture 4

Front 102

Anestrus is dogs

Back 102

Parabasal cells, non cornified squamous epithelial with rounded borders, abundant basophilic cytoplasm and a large, round nucleus.

Front 103

Proestrus is dogs

Back 103

High number of erythrocytes as seen early on. Eventually, signs of cornification, such as pyknotic nuclei occurs.

Front 104

Pyknosis

Back 104

Thickening, especially degeneration of a cell in which the nucleus shrinks in size and the chromatin condenses to a solid, structure-less mass or masses.

Front 105

Estrus in dogs

Back 105

All squamous cells are cornified and usuaally anuclear, neutrophils are absent, small numbers of erythrocytes, might be present. When AI or bleeding should occur.

Front 106

Diestrus in dogss

Back 106

Noncornified squamous epithelial cells return. Abundant cytological debris. Neutrophils increase in numbers until day 3, decrease by day 10. No erythrocytes. Metaestrus.

Front 107

Pregnancy

Back 107

in the dog reproductive cycle ______________ is not cytologically distinguishable from diestrus or anestrus.

Front 108

Dermatophytes.

Back 108

Readily cultured and identified. Keratinophilic. Chronic mild inflammations, can look like almost anything. Lesions expand peripherally. Ringwom.

Front 109

Keratinophilic

Back 109

Prefers tissues made of keratin. Invades hair, nails, and superficial layers of skin, but not living tissue.

Front 110

See slide 38

Back 110

Lecture 4

Front 111

Microsporium canis

Back 111

Dermatophyte that causes 70% of dog and 90% of cat ringworm cases, varying geographically.

Front 112

Microsproum canis

Back 112

Species of dermatophyte. Geophilic (rooting or digging in contaminated soil). Accounts for 20% of ringworm infections in dog.

Front 113

Trichophyton mentagrophyes

Back 113

Species of dermatophyte. 10% of canine infections.

Front 114

guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits

Back 114

All species of dermatophytes can affect dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and most other animals. Often diagnosed in __________ , _________, and ________.

Front 115

Dermatophytosis

Back 115

Zoonotic fungus identificed by direct examination of scale, skin, crusts from animal using KOH wet mount.

Front 116

Dermatophytosis

Back 116

Can be cultures in house using Sabouraud dextrose agar or DTM culture. Some species fluouresce under Woods lamp (blacklight). Not accurate.

Front 117

DTM

Back 117

modified type of Sabouraud agar that can culture dermatophytes.

Front 118

KOH wet mount

Back 118

Direct examination of dermatophytes. Microscopic examination of species. Look for macro-conidia, micro-conidia, and spores. Wet mounts (10% KOH and black India ink). Look for phypae in skin scales. Look for spores on hairs.

Front 119

KOH wet mount

Back 119

Place skin or hair sample on a slide with KOH solution and gently heat. Solution slowly dissolves skin cells but not the fungus cells. Fungus cells are then visible with a microscope.

Front 120

Slide 43-47

Back 120

Lecture 4

Front 121

Slide 49

Back 121

Lecture 4

Front 122

Fine Needle Aspirate/Biopsy techniques to distribute cells onto slide

Back 122

Spray onto slide and stain.
Spread out if cell is thick.
Compression technique (squash test) is commonly used.
Combination technique (some squashed, some left alone).
Starfish smear.

Front 123

Scrapinh

Back 123

Use a dull surgical blade for detection of superficial parasite infections, and used for cytological preps.

Front 124

Slide 53 - 54

Back 124

Lecture 4

Front 125

Lymph node aspirate

Back 125

Similar to fine needle aspirate. Make multiple slides since they are often surrounded by fat. One in house prior to sending to a pathologist, and one to make sure you aspirated the node.

Front 126

Lymph node aspirate

Back 126

Used to differentiate reactive lymphadenitis, lymphatic cancer and metastatic cancer (spread)

Front 127

Metastatic cancer:

Back 127

The spread of cancer from its original (primary) location to other locations in the body. It is the same type of cancer as the original cancer, but in a different location. Common sites are the lung, liver, bone, and lymph nodes.

Front 128

Slide 26

Back 128

Lecture 4. Lymph nodes.

Front 129

Fluid analysis

Back 129

Come from various sources, usually via centesis including abdominocentesis, thoracocentesis, arthrocentesis, cerebrospinal fluid (CFS), Trans-trachel washes (TTW), and bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL).

Front 130

Abdominocentesis

Back 130

A fluid analysis that is the process of punctuting the abdomen with a needle to collect fluid for analysis.

Front 131

Thoracocentesis

Back 131

Type of fluid analysis. Process of puncturing the thorax with a needle to collect abdominal fluid for analysis.

Front 132

Arthrocentesis

Back 132

Type of fluid analysis. Process of puncturing a joint with a needle to collect synovial fluid for analysis.

Front 133

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 133

Type of fluid analysis. Collected from the subarachnoid space (space surrounding the spinal cord). Fluid contains very few nucleated cells.

Front 134

Trans-tracheal wash

Back 134

Type of fluid analysis. Inserting a needle percutaneously into the trachea in order to lavage the area with sterilesaline and then aspirate the fluid back into a syringe for analysis.

Front 135

Bronchioalveolar lavage

Back 135

Type of fluid analysis. Sterile ET tube is used to intubate the anesthetized animal. A sterile lube or catheter is introduced into the bronchioles, sterile fluid is introduced into this space and then aspirated into a syringe for analysis.

Front 136

Analyses performed on fluid specimens

Back 136

Gross appearence (clear, blood tinged, etc.)

Total protein

Total nucleated cell count (TNCC)

Cytologic evaluation of fluids, such as the different types of inflammation or neoplasia.

Classify a transudate, modified transudate, or exudate.

Front 137

EDTA, red topped

Back 137

Samples from fluid analysis are generally collected in a(n) ___________ tube to preserve cellular architecture, while a(n) _____________ tube with no additibe is preferred for bacterial culture.

Front 138

Gross appearance

Back 138

First fluid analysis step. Determine turbidity, color, sedimentation, possibly odors.

Front 139

Total protein determination

Back 139

Second fluid analysis step. Low would be <2.5 g/dL, high being > 3 g/L. Measure with refractometer and helps categorize fluid as transudate, modified transudate, or exudate.

Front 140

Prepare slides for cytology evaluation

Back 140

3rd stage of fluid analysis. If low cellulariet (<500/microliter), concentrations methods are necessary.

If low cellularity even with concentration techniques, use linear smear.

If adequate or thick cellularity, make as smear as you would a blood smear, leaving a feathered edge.

Stain slide using Romanowsky type stain, consider leaving in the fixative longer if high cellularity.

Make multiple slides.

Front 141

Concentration methods for cytology evaluation

Back 141

Low speed centrifugation

Gravitational sedimentation

Membrane filtration

Cytocentrifugation

Front 142

Prepare slides for cytology evaluation

Back 142

If sending outside the lab, send several stained an unstained smears.

Label well with permanent label

Send EDTA and red top tube with sample of fluid if possible so the lab cane make their own slides and culure the fluid if indicated.

Unfixed slides should be mailed seperately than formalin fixed histopathology samples.

Front 143

Formalin

Back 143

_______ alters the staining characteristic of samples in the preparation of smears in fluids.

Front 144

Evaluation of cells / cell count; 100 ; 10000

Back 144

Step 4 in fluid analysis. Microscopically determine type, morphologic characteristics and approximate cell counts.

Use the same technique for CBC by counting the # of cells per 10 LPF and multiply by 10. Perform a differential of at least _____ on __________x microscopy.

Normal ranges for cell count depends on where fluid is from.

Necessary to differentiate type of inflammation or characterize neoplasia as benign or malignant.

Front 145

Inflammatory

Back 145

Inflammation or neoplasia? Mainly neutrophils and macrophages. Suppurative or or pyogranulomatous. Eosinophilic. Mixtures of both exist.

Front 146

Neoplasia

Back 146

Inflammatory or neoplasia? Tissue cells.Means new growth; A homogenous population of single tissue/skin/tumor cell type. Can be either benign or malignant. Mixtures of both exist.

Front 147

Suppurative

Back 147

Type of inflammatory cytologic evaluation. Neutrophils represent > 85% of the nucleated cells present, look for bacterial or other infectious organisms.

Front 148

Pyogranulomatous

Back 148

Type of inflammatory cytologyic evaluation. Macrophages represent > 15% of nucleated cells present.

Front 149

Benign

Back 149

Type of neoplasia. Not causing harm, not light threatening, also known as hyperplastic.

Front 150

Malignant

Back 150

Type of neoplasia. A tendency to progress in virulence. In popular usage, any condition that, if uncorrected, tends to worsen so as to cause serious illness or death. Cancer.

Front 151

Classify as transudate or exudate

Back 151

Step 5 in fluid analysis

Front 152

Transudate

Back 152

Transudate, modified transudate, or exudate?

Non-inflammatory, clear, colorless, low TNCC, low TP. Ex. ascites from right sided heart failure.

Front 153

Modified transudate

Back 153

Transudate, modified transudate, or exudate?

Low NCC but high TP (2.5-7.5)

Front 154

Exudate

Back 154

Transudate, modified transudate, or exudate?

Inflammatory cells present, high TNCC, high TP (>3). Possibly bacteria present. Ex. pyothorax from aspirated and migrating grass awn.

Front 155

Nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia

Back 155

Anisokayosis

Pleomorphism

High or varianle nucleus to cytoplasm ratio

Increased mitotic activity

Coarse chromatin pattern

Nuclear molding

Multi-nucleation

ANosonucleoliosis

Angular nucleoli

Multiple nucleoli

Front 156

Anosokaryosis

Back 156

Type of nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia. Variation in nucleus size.

Front 157

Pleomorphism

Back 157

Type of nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia.Variability in size and shape of the same cell type.

Front 158

Increased mitotic activity

Back 158

Type of nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia. Mitosis is rare in normal tissue and any increased in mitotic figures, or cells that are not dividing equally is considered a malignant criteria.

Front 159

Nuclear molding

Back 159

Type of nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia. Deformed nuclei by other nuclei within the same cells or adjacent cells.

Front 160

Anisonucleoliosis

Back 160

Type of nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia. Variation is nucleoli size

Front 161

Angular nucleoli

Back 161

Type of nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia

Variation in nucleoli stage.

Front 162

Slide 71

Back 162

Lecture 4

Front 163

Transplacental and transmammary infection

Back 163

How newborn puppies and kitten are often infected with nematodes

Front 164

Coccidia

Back 164

Common name for cystiopsora infections in dogs and cats (puppies and kittens with diarrhea)

Front 165

Tapeworms, whipworms, coccidia

Back 165

Parasites not killed by pyrantel pamoate

Front 166

Pre-patent period

Back 166

In an endoparasite, the time elapsed between the initial infection with a parasite until infection can be detected using common diagnostic procedures.

Front 167

Parasites that cause cutaneous larval migrans

Back 167

Ancylostoma and unicaria

Front 168

Parasites that cause visceral/ocular larval migrans

Back 168

Toxocara sp (ascarids or roundworms)

Front 169

Babesia. B. canis, B. gibsoni

Back 169

RBC parasite in dogs whose vector is a tick and can be seen on a blood smear as a piriform (tear shapes) organisms in pairs.

Front 170

Dirofilaria immitis life cycle

Back 170

· Adultfemale heartworm produces live L1 larvae called microfilariae, which arereleased into the bloodstream.
· The prepatentperiod is about 6 months· Femalemosquitos ingest the L1 when they bite the host, and they molt into infective L3 and migrate to proboscis ofmosquito.
· Theinfected mosquito bites the new host, and the larvae travel to the SC tissue,molt into L4s, eventually they move to the right ventricleandd pulmonaryarteries of the heart as L5s.
Theybecome L5 adults (either male or female) and reproduce, the females give birthto L1s (microfilaria), therefore repeating the cycle

Front 171

Cause large cysts in liver, lungs, or other organs like the brain in humans

Back 171

Echinococcus granulosus

Front 172

Toxoplamsa gondii

Back 172

Can cause birth defects and miscarriage.

Front 173

Strongylus vulgaris

Back 173

Large strongyle that sucks blood and causes anemia in horses. Also associated with thrombi in the mesententric artery of the horse.

Front 174

Equine Protozoal Myelitis (EPM)

Back 174

Illnss that Sacrocystis neurona causes in horses.

Front 175

Pit bulls due to dog fighting, poor housing, and breeding conditions. Transmitted via bite wounds and transplacental/mammary

Back 175

what Babesia gibsoni infects the most

Front 176

Panacur

Back 176

Medication that does not kill the flea tapeworm.

Front 177

Medications used to treat tapeworms

Back 177

Epsiprantel (Cestex)

Febendazole (Panacur, Safe Guard)

Praziquantel (Biticide)

Front 178

Sarcopitc mange

Back 178

Caused by Sarcoptes scabiei which can be passed from animal to animal and even to humans. It is a surface mite, burrowing into the skin amd causing a prurituc rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and superficial skin scrapings (remember pedal-pinnal reflex?)

Front 179

Demodectic mange

Back 179

Caused by demodex and is not contagious. It is part of the natural epidermal flora of many mammals but can over grow and cause clinical signs in young or immunocompromised animals. It can by diagnosed by perfuming a deep skin scrape on the animal.

Front 180

Flea

Back 180

IH for Dipylidium caninum

Front 181

Reduviid bug (kissing bug)

Back 181

IH Trypanosoma cruzi

Front 182

Treatments/ preventative for tick infestation in dogs.

Back 182

Nexgard, Frontline Tritak, Seresto, Preventic collars, Advantix, etc.

Front 183

Flea life cycle.

Back 183

Fleas lay up to 50 eggs per day and they hatch within 2-5 days to form larvae.
The larvae then feed off of flea dirt and debris in the environment.
Then they become pupae.
They can stay dormant in the environment or on your pet for up to 12 months.
The will most commonly emerge to be adult fleas within 1-4 weeks.

Front 184

Sleeping sickness. Transmitted by tsetse fly between people.

Back 184

Trpanosoma brucei

Front 185

Equine Infectious Anemia virus or swamp fever

Back 185

Virus horse flies transmit to other horses.

Front 186

Why cochliomyia hominivorax is a reportatble disease.

Back 186

Because this disease is no longer foundin the US routinely. It is an invader of clean, un contaminated wounds,can infect people and has huge economic and medical repercussions if it were tobecome common in our country again