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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What bones are in the AXIAL SKELETON
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Skull.
vertebral column. rib cage. |
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Long bones include all limb bones except.......?
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Patella (kneecap).
tarsals (wrist). carpals(ankle). |
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TRUE or FALSE. The main role of the appendicular skeleton, is to protect and support vital organs.
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false
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What is the main roles of the APPENDICULAR SKELETON?
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Locomotion
allows us to manipulate our environment |
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What type of bone is the PATELLA (kneecap)
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Sesamoid bone
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What is HEMATOPOIESIS
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Blood cell formation
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What are the roles of the blood?
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Blood cell formation.
fat storage. supports movement. |
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What hormone regulates bone formation, but also protect against diabetes mellitus.
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Osteocalcin
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What is the skeletal system composed of?
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Bones
cartilage joints ligaments |
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What is typically surrounded by a layer of irregular connective tissue, called the Perichondrium?
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Skeletal cartilages
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What is the PERICARDIUM?
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A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal cartilages
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Is cartilage tissue avascular, or vascular?
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Avascular
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Where does the nourishment of cartilage tissues come from?
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O2(oxygen).
nutrients diffusing from capillaries in the pericardium. |
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What acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion of the cartilage during compression?
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PERICARDIUM
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What are the three types of cartilage tissue?
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Elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage |
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Elastic cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
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hyaline cartilage
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What is the white ball
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Chondrocyte inside Lacuna
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What is the line pointing to?
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Elastic fibers
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What are the lines pointing to?
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Lacuna with chondrocytes inside
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What is the arrow pointing to
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Collagen fibers
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What is the most abundant cartilage type in the human body
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hyaline cartilage
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What is the line pointing to
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Matrix
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What does the matrix consist of in hyaline cartilage?
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Gelatinous ground substance collagen fibers
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What provides elastic support of the external ear and epiglottis?
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Elastic cartilage
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What type of cartilage composes most of the embryonic skeleton?
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hyaline cartilage
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What type of cartilage is strong enough to resist compression between the pubic bones and between the vertebrae?
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Fibrocartilage
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What type of cartilage composes the menisci (cartilaginous discs) of the knee joint?
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Fibrocartilage
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What type of cartilage composes the articular cartilage covering the ends of long bones in joint cavities?
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hyaline cartilage
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This cartilage is a smooth surface, helps reduce friction between the articulating bones, and its gelatinous ground substance is a resilient cushion?
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hyaline cartilage
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What are costal cartilages
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Cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum
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What is PAGET'S DISEASE
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Enlarged and misshapen bones
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What bone disorder that is found mostly in aged individuals result in bones becoming porous and light?
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Osteoporosis
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What cartilage composes the costal, nasal, and respiratory cartilages?
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hyaline cartilage
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What covers and lines the surface of bones?
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Connective tissue (connective tissue membrane)
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What covers the outer surface of a bone except if the bone forms a movable joint with another bone?
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Periosteum
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What is the periosteum composed of?
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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How do tendons and ligaments attach to a bone
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via the Periosteum
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What extends from the periosteum into the bone to ensure a strong attachment?
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Perforating fibers
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What does perforating fibers consist of
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Bundles of collagen fibers
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What lines the surface inside a bone, including the spaces of spongy bone, medullary cavity, central canals, and perforating canals?
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Endosteum
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What is the function of spongy bone
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Reduce weight of bone
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What are the interconnecting pieces of bone that form three dimensional lacework called?
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Trabeculae
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In a flat bone what is the layer of spongy bone called?
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Diploe
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In a flat short or irregular bone what is the layer of compact bone covered by
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Periosteum
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what lines the spaces of spongy bone
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endosteum
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What is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone called?
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Periosteum
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What is located in the center of the diaphysis of a long bone and filled with yellow marrow?
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Medullary Cavity
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What is found in mediately deep to the periosteum?
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Compact bone
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The epiphysis of a long bone is filled with what type of osseous tissue?
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Spongy bone
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What osseous tissue reduces the weight of bone
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Spongy bone
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Short irregular and flat bones are composed primarily of what type of osseous tissue?
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Spongy bone
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What is at the end of a long bone?
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Epiphysis
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In a bone, adipose connective tissue is known as what?
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Yellow bone marrow
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What is the connective tissue membrane lining the medullary cavity of a long bone, and central and perforating canals of compact bone, and the spaces of spongy bone?
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Endosteum
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What is dense heavy and able to withstand the stress is produced by body weight and movement?
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Compact bone
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What is the shaft of a long bone called
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Diaphysis
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What fills the spaces of spongy bone in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, scapula, hip, bones vertebrae, and proximal emphasis of the humerus and femur?
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Red bone marrow
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What supports the shaft of a long bone
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Compact bone
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Collagen fibers of ligaments and tendons penetrate what layer of bone?
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Periosteum
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what is hematopoietic (blood producing) reticular connective tissue.
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Red bone marrow
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Because of its smooth surface it helps to reduce friction between articulating bones at freely movable joints.
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Articular cartilage
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Because of its gelatinous ground substance it absorbs shock at freely movable joints
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Articular cartilage
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Describe osteoporosis
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Bones are porous and thin, but bone composition is normal.
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describe Osteomalacia.
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Bone formed is poorly mineralized, and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.
|
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describe Paget's disease
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Abnormal bone formation and resorption
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What contains blood vessels and nerves fibers in osseous tissue
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central canal
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where do osteocytes live
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lacunae
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hair like canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
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canaliculi
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layer of hard, calcified matrix around the central canal.
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concentric lamellae
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elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the bone's long axis; the structural unit of compact bone.
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osteon
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What inorganic mineral is responsible for bone hardness
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mineral salts - predominantly hydroxyapatite
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What organic mineral provides flexibility and tensile strength to the bone
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Osteoid - matrix without mineralized salts.
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what was in the tonic Eden Byers drank that accumulated in his bones and caused him to develop osteosarcoma.
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radiam
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A bone lacking its inorganic component would do what?
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Sag
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A bone lacking its organic component would do what
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Be brittle and break easily
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How many types of bone cells are there?
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4.
osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclast |
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what are Osteogenic cells
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Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
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Where are osteogenic cells located?
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Endosteum and periosteum
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What is the function of Osteoblasts
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Produces new bone matrix
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where Are osteoblasts located
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Endosteum and periosteum
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What is the function of Osteocytes
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Maintain the bone matrix.
regulate remodeling by acting as strain sensors |
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Where are osteocytes located
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Lacunae
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What is the function of Osteoclasts
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Resorb bone matrix by secreting acid and hydrolytic enzymes.
Arise from stem cells in red bone marrow. |
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Where are osteoclasts located
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endosteum and periosteum
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What is the development of stem cells into specialized cells called?
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Differentiation
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what is Differentiation?
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The development of stem cells into specialized cells
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Bone deposition and resorption is called what?
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Bone remodeling
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What is "bone remodeling"
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Bone deposition and resorption
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What does bone remodeling replace every 3 to 4 years?
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Spongy bone
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What is bone remodeling replace every 10 years?
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Compact bone
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What does bone remodeling help prevent?
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Bone fractures
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Bone remodeling allows the skeleton to do what?
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Adapt to mechanical stress
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Wolff's law
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The architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses.
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Whenever weight bears down on bone or when muscles pull on it, the bone is known as being?
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loaded (stressed)
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What detects mechanical stress on the bone?
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Osteocytes
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what produces more bone at a stress site?
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Osteoblasts
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What happens during Osteoporosis
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Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
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What helps maintain the health and normal bone density of the skeleton by stimulating osteoblast activity?
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Sex hormones estrogen and testosterone.
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What is the normal range of calcium concentration in the blood?
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9 to 11 milligrams
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The normal range of calcium is maintained predominantly by what?
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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When blood calcium levels get too low you would want your parathyroid glands to.... increase or decrease parathyroid secretion ?
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Increase
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When blood calcium levels get too high you would want your parathyroid glands to.... INCREASE or DECREASE parathyroid(PTH) secretion?
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decrease
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What is CALCITRIOL do?
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Reinforces the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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what is the most abundant bone matrix
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Calcium
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Calcitriol is secreted by what ?
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Kidneys
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What does the synthesis of calcitriol involve?
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Sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys
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What is secreted by the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels
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Calcitonin
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What when administered at pharmacological doses can decrease the blood calcium level temporarily
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Calcitonin
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When does hyperexcitability occur?
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When blood calcium levels are too low
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What happens when blood calcium levels are too high
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Non responsiveness an inability to function
|
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What does pregnancy and lactation put women in risk of
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hypocalcemia
(low calcium blood) |
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What can happen if plasma calcium concentration drops to 4mg/d?
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laryngospasm can cut off airflow and cause suffocation
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what is the breaking of a bone called.
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Fracture
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Describe the complete bone fracture
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All the way horizontally across the bone
|
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Describe an incomplete bone fracture
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Not fractured completely across the bone
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Describe a nondisplaced bone fracture
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Bone ends still in alignment
|
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Describe a displaced bone fracture
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Bone ends not in alignment
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Describe a closed (simple) bone fracture
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No penetration of skin
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Describe an open(compound) bone fracture
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Bone penetrating skin
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Describe a linear bone fracture
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A break straight across
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Describe a transverse bone fracture
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A perpendicular break
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Describe an oblique bone fracture
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A bone broken diagonally
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Describe a spiral (torsion) bone fracture
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A bone broken twisting motion
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How is a displaced fracture treated?
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Reduction (realignment of broken bone ends)
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What is a closed reduction
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Fracture site is not exposed surgically; bone ends manipulated back into alignment from outside the body
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What is an open reduction
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Fracture exposed surgically and bone ends put back into alignment and secured with pins, plates, screws.
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What starts around 6 weeks of fetal development and continues into a person's late teens to early twenties
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ossification
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what is OSSIFICATION
|
the process by which bone forms
|
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what is the skeleton of a human embryo composed of?
|
sheets of fibrous connective tissue.
pieces of hyaline cartilage that are shaped roughly like the bones they will become. |
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The process by which the connective tissue sheets are replaced by bone is called
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interamembranous ossification
|
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What is the name of the process that forms the flat bones of the skull
|
Intramembranous ossification
|
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The process by which hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone is called
|
Endochondral ossification
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What process forms most bones, including all long bones
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Endochondral ossification
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What is the epiphyseal plate responsible for
|
Responsible for bone growth in length
|
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What is this
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Epiphyseal plate
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What happens in the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plate?
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Cartilage cells undergo mitosis.
( to produce new cartilage cells) ( the new cells produce new cartilage matrix) (Responsible for bone growing longer) |
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What happens in the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal plate
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Older cartilage cells in large
(secrete chemical that stimulates matrix calcification) |
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What happens in the calcification zone of the epiphyseal plate
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Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating.
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What happens in the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate
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New bone formation is occurring. osteoclasts break down the deteriorating calcified cartilage. osteoblasts replace the cartilage within spongy bonen.
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What is growth hormone from the pituitary gland responsible for
|
Bone growth
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What is responsible for bone growth
|
GH (growth hormone) from the pituitary gland
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What stimulates the growth of virtually all tissues to some degree
|
GH (growth hormone)
|
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What cartilage is particularly sensitive to GH (growth hormone)
|
Hyaline cartilage
|
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What is responsible for stimulating the addition of new cartilage tissue in the proliferation zone of epiphyseal plates
|
GH (growth hormone)
|
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An adult with short stature but normal proportions has what?
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Pituitary dwarfism
|
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A person with abnormaly short stature but a normal sized head and trunk in adulthood has what?
|
Achondroplastic dwarfism
|
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Increased secretion of GH (growth) hormone and sex hormones cause rapid bone growth when?
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During puberty and adolescence
|
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once the epiphyseal plates close, can you grow taller?
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no
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What is responsible for masculinization or feminization of the skeleton
|
Sex hormones
|
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How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis
|
Female pelvis is wider
|
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bone that is poorly mineralized and soft and deforms on weight bearing
|
Osteomalacia
|
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What is an osteoid
|
A matrix without the mineralized salts
|
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What are the 4 types of bone cells
|
Osteogenic cells.
osteoblasts. osteocytes. osteoclasts. |
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What are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate
|
Resting zone.
Proliferation zone. hypertrophic zone. calcification zone. ossification zone. |