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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What 2 systems deal with fluids in the body? |
cardiovascular system |
|
The right side of heart pumps ____________ blood into the lungs. |
deoxygenated |
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The right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood into lungs via the _______? |
pulmonary arteries
|
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The pulmonary veins carry ___________ blood. |
oxygenated |
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Oxygenated blood is carried from lungs to heart by the ________. |
pulmonary vein |
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In the heart, the left ventricle leads to the ______? |
aorta |
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The left ventricle to the aorta to the |
arteries |
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The left ventricle to the aorta to the arteries to the _____. |
arterioles |
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The left ventricle to the aorta to the arteries to the arterioles to the _____. |
capillaries |
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The blood returning from the body returns via the _____.? |
inferior vena cava |
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Oxgenated blood is supplied to heart by the _____? |
coronary artery |
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The __________ return deoxygenated blood to the right side of heart. |
coronary veins and coronary sinus |
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The first blood vessel branching off the aorta is the? |
coronary arteries |
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What are the 3 portal systems? |
-liver hepatic portal circulatory |
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The liver portal system is called the _____.? |
hepatic portal circulatory |
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The portal system in brain is called the _____.? |
hypophyseal portal circulatory |
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The myocardial ishchemia when _____. |
when heart does not get enough oxygen and nutrition
|
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When the heart does not get enough oxygen and nutrition it is called? |
myocardial ischemia |
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The most common symptom of myocardial ischemia is? |
angina |
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Angina is? |
chest pain |
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Myocardial infaction is when? |
irreversible damage to the heart |
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The most common cause of decreased coronary heart flow is? |
atherosclerosis |
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Plaque on artery is mostly? |
fibrofatty plaque made of mostly cholesterol
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The heart consists of ________ pumps |
2 |
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The heart's upper chambers are? |
atria
|
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The heart's lower chambers are? |
ventricles
|
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___________ are thin walled; ventricles are ________. |
-atria -muscular |
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The ___________ valves are located between atria and ventricle. |
atrioventricular
|
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The valve between the atria and ventricle on the right side is called what? |
tricuspid valve
|
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The tricuspid valve is located wehere? |
between the right atria and right ventricle |
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The tricuspid valve has how many cusp? |
3
|
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The valve on left side of heart is called? |
mitral valve
|
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The mitral valve has ________ cusps? |
2
|
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What are the 2 valves in the heart? |
tricuspid and mitral valve
|
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The semilunar valves are located? |
1. left ventricle and aorta |
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Heart beat: lub dub. The first sound is called what? |
S1
|
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Heart beat: lub dub. The lub is when? |
av valves close to prev backflow into atria
|
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Heart beat: lub dub. The dub is when? |
2 semilunar valves close at concl of systole
|
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s2 is the ____________ sound. |
dub
|
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The heartbeat is made up of? |
systole,
diastole |
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Systole is when? |
ventr contract
|
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Diastole is when? |
cardiac muscle relaxes
|
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Cardiac output is what? |
total volume of blood left ventricle pumps out per minute
|
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Cardiac output equals heart rate Times stroke volume. |
True
|
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hr X str vol=? |
cardiac output
|
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Stroke volume is? |
vol of blood pumped out of the left ventrical per contraction. |
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The vol of bl pumped out of the left ventr per contraction is? |
stroke volume
|
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The SA node is located? |
in wall of the right atrium
|
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SA node--- atria---- av node---- bundle of his (av bundle)---- ? |
purkinje fibers
|
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sa node--- atria--- ? --- bundle of his --- ?? |
atria-- av node ---- bundle of his (av bundle) --- purkinje fibers
|
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The av node conducts quickly or slowly? |
slowly
|
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ekg: |
the atria contract
|
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ekg: |
the ventr contract
|
|
ekg |
ventric repolarization |
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The _________________ system modifies the rate of heart contraction. |
auton nervous system: ANS |
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The parasympath innervates the heart via? |
The vagus nerve |
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The parasympathetic nervous system via vagus nerve causes what? |
decreased heart rate |
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The sympathetic nervous system innervate the heart via? |
cervical and upper thoracic ganglia
|
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The cervical and upper thoracic ganglia are part of the what? |
sympathetic system |
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The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart and causes? |
an increase in heart rate |
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The nerve impulses traveling through vagus nerve will __________ heart rate. |
decrease |
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The nerve impulses travel through cervical and upper thoracic ganglia will ___________ heart rate. |
increase |
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The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine which ____________ heart rate. |
increases
|
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The adrenal medulla secretes _____________ which increases heart rate. |
epinephrine
|
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The 3 types of blood vessels are? |
-arteries |
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The _____________ are thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels |
arteries |
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True or False: |
False. Most do, except pulmonary veins |
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Which artery carries deoxygenated blood? |
pulmonary arteries |
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Blood flow in veins is driven by what? |
their compression by skeletal muscles |
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The larger veins have ________ to prevent backflow. |
valves |
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The pulmonary thromboemboli are ____. |
blood clots |
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What things can cause blood clots? |
-injury |
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Rbcs have to travel through capillaries in _____? |
single file
|
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Blood pressure is the F/A the blood exerts on what? |
blood vessels |
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A sphygmomanometer measures what? |
blood press |
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You measure blood press with? |
sphygmomanometer
|
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bl press is ?/? |
syst/diastol
|
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The human body has _________ litres of blood. |
4-6
|
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Blood is _______ liquid and _________ cellular component. |
55% liq |
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Plasma is? |
Liquid portion of the blood |
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Plasma has what in it? |
nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, blood proteins |
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Name 3 bl proteins? |
-immunoglobulins |
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The cell components of blood are? |
-erythrocytes |
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each erythr has ________ molec of hemoglobin |
250 million |
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what is the shape of erythrocytes
|
biconcave, disk like shape
|
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the biconcave shape of erythro give them?
|
incre surf area
|
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erythr form in ?
|
stem c in bone marrow
|
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in bone marrow erythr lose their?
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nuclei, mitochond, membran organelles
|
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eryth lack?
|
nuclei, mitoch, membran organ
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eryth are aerobic or anaerob
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anaerob
|
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which organs phagocy eryth?
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spleen and liver
|
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_____________ eryth per mm3 of bl
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five million
|
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leuk arise from stem c in ?
|
marrow of long bones
|
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5000-10000 _______________ per mm3 of bl
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leukocytes
|
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3 types of leuk are?
|
granular leukocytes
lymphocytes monocytes |
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granular leukocytes are?
|
neutrophils
basophils eosinophils |
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which leuk play an import role in inflamm, allerg react, pus form and destr of bact?
|
neutroph
basoph eosinoph |
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immune response is mediat by what c?
|
lymphocytes
|
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where are lymphocytes made?
|
lymph nodes
tonsils, spleen, appendix, thymus, bone marrow |
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who makes antibodies?
|
lymphocytes
|
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2 types of lymph are?
|
b lymph
t lymph |
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monocytes bec __________ when they enter the tiss
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macroph
|
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what do monocytes do?
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phagocy foreign matter and organ
|
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macroph have greater phagocy ability than?
|
monocytes
|
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platelets form in the?
|
bone marrow
|
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platelets do not have?
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nuclei
|
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there are _____________ platelets per mm3 of bl
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250,000-500,000
|
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what are the four bl groups?
|
A
B AB O |
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what are the 2 major gr of rbc antigens?
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ABO gr
Rh factor |
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A bl type makes what antibodies?
|
anti-B
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AB is the ?
|
universal recipient
|
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O is the ?
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universal donor
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O makes antibodies to?
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anti A and anti B
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Rh- woman has to be careful during her sec preg if during her first preg?
|
she had an Rh+
|
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erythroblastosis fetalis is devel by a woman who is?
|
rh-
but had a rh+ baby |
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What do you give the Rh- mother to help suppress the devel of act immun
|
RhoGAM
|
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Rh factor is a?
|
antigen on surf of rbc
|
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rh- mom
she will endanger her? |
second rh- baby, not her first
|
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severe anemia in a fetus due to rh+/rh- issues is called?
|
erythroblastosis fetalis
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why doesnt ABO blood type mismatches cause probl with preg women?
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bec anti ABO blood type antib cant cross the placenta
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hemoglob has _________ chains
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4 polypeptides
|
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each hemoglob polypeptide chain has a
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heme group
|
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each hemogl molec can bind __________ oxy
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4
|
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hemoglob has ____________ effects
|
allosteric
|
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the allosteric effect of hemogl causes the dissociation curve to have what shape?
|
S-shaped
|
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Hemoglobin has a ______________ dissoiation curve
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s-shaped
|
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oxyg dissoc curve is _________ static
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not
|
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oxy dissoc curve can shift to?
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the left or right
|
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in tiss, the oxyg dissoc curve __________ shifts
|
right,
|
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oxyg dissoc curve
a right shift means? |
for a given part press of Oxy, less Oxy will be bound to hemoglob
|
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what things cause a right shift in oxy dissoc curve?
|
incre in partial press of CO2
decre in pH incre in temp |
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in the lungs, the oxy dissoc curve shifts?
|
to the left
|
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why does the oxy dissoc curve shift to the left in teh lungs?
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to max Oxy loading
|
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fetal hemoglob oxy dissoc curve is shifted to the ?
|
left
|
|
in erythroc
CO2 comb with? |
H2O
|
|
in erythr
CO2 + H2O ---> |
carbonic acid
H2CO3 |
|
carbonic acid is?
|
H2CO3
|
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H2CO3 dissoc into?
|
HCO3 and H+
|
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HCO3 is
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bicarbonate ion
|
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bohr effect is due to?
|
CO2, H+, O2
|
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bohr eff
increas concentr of H+ do what? |
decre hemogl O2 affinity
|
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increas pH and CO2 due what to hemoglobin?
|
decr its affin for O2
|
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in the lungs _______________- reassoc to form CO2 and H2O
|
HCO3 and H+
|
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format and dissoc of carbon acid are catalyzed by?
|
carbonic anyhdrase
|
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carbonic hydrase does what/
|
catal format and dissoc of carbonic acid
|
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most carbon dioxide is found?
|
dissolved in plasma as HCO3
|
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only a small percent of CO2 is bound to?
|
hemoglobin as carboxyhemoglobin
|
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aa and simple sugars are transp to liver via?
|
hepatic portal vein
|
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fats go from sm intest to?
|
lymphatic syst thr lymph capillaries
|
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fats enter bloodstream via?
|
large veins of the neck
|
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fats-- small intest-- lymph vess--- ?
|
large veins of neck
|
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hydrostatic press at arteriole end of capillaries is _________ hydrostat press of surr tissue fluids
|
greater than
|
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why does fluid move back into the capillar at the venule end?
|
bec of osmotic press
bec bl has a higher solute concentr than tissue fluid. |
|
exch of material in capill is influenc by?
|
hydrostat press and osmotic press
|
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_____________ press pushes fluid out of vessels
|
hydrostatic
|
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__________ press pulls fluid back into vessels
|
osmotic
|
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osmotic press is depend on?
|
number of particles dissolv in plasma
|
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hydrost press is depend on ?>
|
bl press driven by heart
|
|
arteriole end of capill
hydrost press is ? oppos osmotic press is? |
36 mm Hg
oppos osmot press is 25 mm Hg |
|
platel and damag tissue secrete?
|
clotting factor
thromboplastin |
|
thromblastin
cofactors? |
calcium, vitamin K
|
|
trhomboplastin w cofact calc and vitamin K conv _______ to its active form
|
prothrombin to thrombin
|
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thrombin conv ____________ into ___________
|
fibrinogen to fibrin
|
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thread of _______ coat the damaged are and trap bl c
|
fibrin
to form a clot |
|
throboplastin---??? --- thrombin--- frbrinogen--- fibrin
|
prothrombin
|
|
hemophiliacs lack
|
an agent involv in clot format
|
|
immune syst has what 2 mech?
|
humoral immun
c med immun |
|
humoral immunit involves prod of?
|
antibod
|
|
cell med immunt involves?
|
cells that combat fungal and viral infect
|
|
Igs are ?
|
immunoglobulins
|
|
Igs do what?
|
attract oth c
cause antig to clump tog |
|
causing the antigens to clump tog is?
|
agglutination
|
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Igs is composed of?
|
2 heavy chains
2 light chains |
|
Igs the chains are held tog by?
|
disulfide linkages and noncova bonds
|
|
Igs
antigen binding sites are the ________ regions |
variable
|
|
Igs
have a variable and ____________ region |
constant
|
|
five type of const regions?
|
GMADE
|
|
G MADE are
|
the five type of const regions
|
|
lymphocytes
B c form in ? |
the bone marrow, different in the spleen, lymph nodes, and oth lyph org
|
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where do B c different?
|
spleen, lymph nodes, oth lymph organs
|
|
B C when expos to antigen bec?
|
memory c, plasma c (effect c)
|
|
in primary resp of B c?
|
bec memory c
bec plasma c |
|
plasma c are also called?
|
effector c
|
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second expos to antigen will cause a ___________ response
|
secondary
|
|
active immun is prod of?
|
Igs dur immune resp
|
|
vacination confers?
|
active immun
|
|
passive immunity involves?
|
transf of Igs made by other organ
|
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passive immun is __________ lasting
active immun is ________ lasting |
passive-short
active- long |
|
cell mediat immun are what c?
|
t cells
|
|
T c mature in bone marrow and mature in?
|
thymus
|
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T c act against?
|
c that have fungus or virus
|
|
T c differ into?
|
cytotoxic t c
helper t c suppressor t c memory c |
|
cytotoxic t c do what?
|
destroy antigens direct
|
|
helper T c activate?
|
other B and T c by secreting lymphokines
|
|
helper T c secrete?
|
lymphokines
|
|
lympholines are also called?
|
interleukins
|
|
___________ T c decre the activ of other B and T against antigens
|
suppressor T c
|
|
autoimmune response
|
body mistakes its own c as antigens
|
|
lack of b c will lead to recurrent?
|
bact infect
|
|
DiGeorge's syndrome affects?
|
T c disorder resulting in underdev or absence of thymus gland
|
|
DiGeorge's syndrome
a person will have normal? |
Igs.
|
|
DiGeorge's syndrome
children will have proble with ___________ infectinos |
viral and fungal
|
|
non spec defenses against disease?
|
skin- has sweat w enzymes
ciliated musc epithel macrophages inflammat resp |
|
inflamm resp
injured c release? |
histamine
|
|
histamine does what?
|
causes bl vess to dilate, incre bl flow to damaged region
attracts granulocytes to injury |
|
c under viral attack make?
|
interferon
|
|
interferon is made by cells when they?
|
are under viral attack
|
|
lymphatic syst is a _________ circul syst
|
secondary
|
|
lymph is also called?
|
interstitial fluid
|
|
lymph vessels transport?
|
lymph
|
|
lacteals are also called?
|
lymph capillaries
|
|
lymph capill collect fats by absorbing?
|
chylomicrons in sm intest
|
|
lymph vessels have ___________ to prev backflow
|
valves
|
|
lymph flow is caused by?
|
mov of skel muscles
contract of lymphat vessels |
|
lymph nodes are?
|
swellings along lymph vessels
that have phagocytic c (leukocytes) filter lymph |