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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Average length and weight of newborns |
18 to 22 inches long and weigh 5.5 to 10 pounds. |
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What is the average age for walking? |
Most babies take their first steps sometime between 9 and 12 months and walking well by the time they're 14 or 15 months. |
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What is Head-Sparing? |
Biological mechanism that protects brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. |
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What is Body Fat? |
Source of early weight gain provides insulation, and stores nourishment. |
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Brain development percentage by age 2 |
By age 2, the brain weighs almost 75% of adult brain. |
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Neuron |
-Basic nerve cell in central nervous system -70% of neurons are in the cortex -Infant brains have billions of neurons |
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Cortex |
-Outer layers of brain -has to do with most thinking and feelings |
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Axon |
-Fiber that extends from a neuron -Transmits electrochemical impulses to dendrites of other neurons. |
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Dendrites |
-Fiber that extends from the neuron -Receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons. |
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Neurotransmitters |
A release of chemicals called neurotransmitters are sent by electrochemical impulses. Function is to carry information from one neuron to another neuron. |
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Stress |
If an infant is subjected to too much stress, the brain can overproduce stress hormones. As an adult, this child may not have normal response to stress. |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Located in very front of the brain, just behind the forehead. It's in charge of abstract thinking and thought analysis, it is also responsible for regulating behavior. |
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Reflexes for survival |
-Breathing reflex (Also hiccups and sneezes) -Maintain body temperature (cry, shiver, tuck legs) -Feeding (rooting, sucking, swallowing, spitting up) |
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1. 2. 3. Sensation > Perception > Cognition |
1. Sensory system first detects an external stimulus. 2. Brain notices and processes this sensation. Perception requires experience. 3. Cognition follows perception. Infant thinks about what she has perceived. |
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Newborns' vision |
Newborns are "legally blind" -can only focus on objects between 4 and 30 inches away. |
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How much do babies sleep? |
Newborn babies spend most of their time sleeping. Approximately 15-17 hours daily. |
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What is Co-sleeping? |
A custom in which parents and children (usually infants) sleep in the same bed. *never take a baby in bed if you've been under influence of drugs and/or alcohol* |
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Benefits to infant of breast feeding |
-for most newborns, good nutrition starts with mother's milk. -breast milk provides antibodies against any diseases to which the mother is immune. -breastfed children have fewer allergies and stomach aches. |
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Motor Skill |
Learned ability to move some part of the body. |
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Primary Circular Reactions |
Stage 1: stage of reflexes Stage 2: reflexes are adjusted as repeated response provide information about what the body does and how each action feels. |
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Secondary Circular Reactions |
Stage 3: babies respond and interact with other people, toys, and any other object they can touch or move. Stage 4: babies think about a goal and how to reach it. |
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Tertiary Circular Reactions |
-most creative. Action, ideas, and discovery! Stage 5: feedback through active experimentation ("Little Scientist") Stage 6: toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations. |
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Object Permanence |
Realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard. |
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Affordances depend on an individual's... |
Sensory awareness, immediate motivation, current level of development, past experiences |
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Babbling |
Extended repetition of certain syllables (between 6 to 9 months). |
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Holophrase |
Single word that expresses a complete, meaningful thought. |
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2 most important schools of thought |
-Behaviorism: language must be taught [Skinner] -Epigenetic theory: infants teach themselves [Chomsky] |
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Self Awareness |
Realization that person is distinct individual. |
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Attachment strange situation |
Laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking an infant's separations and reunions with a caregiver. 1. Infant explores toys (caregiver present). 2. Infant reacts to arrival of 'stranger' and caregiver's departure. 3. Child is left alone. 4. Infant reacts to 'stranger' then caregiver's return. |
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Type A : insecure-avoidant attachment |
Infant avoids connection with caregiver. |
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Type B : secure attachment |
Infant experiences comfort and confidence from presence of caregiver. |
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Type C : insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment |
Pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident. |
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Type D : Disorganized attachment |
Type of attachment infant demonstrates inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return. |
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What is temperament? |
Inborn, core differences between one person and another in style of approach and response to the environment. |
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Synchrony |
A coordinated, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver and infant. |
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Social referencing |
Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions. |