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128 Cards in this Set
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chemical reaction
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the cahnge of one or more substances
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chemical property
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a property that can be observed only when there is a change in the substance
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chemistry
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the science that investigates and explains the structure and properties of matter
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covalent bond
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the attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons
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sharing is C...
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crystal
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a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in three dimensons
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deliquescent
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a substance that takes up enough water from the air that it dissolves completely to a liquid solution
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distilation
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the method of separating substances in a mixture by evaporation of a liquid and subsequent condensation of its vapor
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electrolyte
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any compound that conducts electricity when metlted or dissolved in water
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electron
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negatively charged particle
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electron cloud
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the space around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are found
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electron configuration
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the most stable arrangement of electons in sublevels and orbitals
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element
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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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endothermic
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chemical reaction that absorbs
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energy
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the capacity to do work
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energy level
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the regions of space in which electrons can move about the nucleus of an atom
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exothermic
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chemical reaction that gives off energy
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gas
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a flowing compressible substance with no definite volume or shape
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halogen
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any element from group 17
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hydrate
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a compound which there is a specific ration of water to ionic compound
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hydrocarbon
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an organic compound that consists only of hydrogen and carbon
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hydroscopic
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a substance that absorbs water molecules from the air to become a hydrate
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hypothesis
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a prediction that can be tested to explain observations
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inner tranistion element
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one of the elements in the two tows of elements below the main body of the periodic table: the lanthinides and the actinides
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inorganic compound
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a compound that does not contain carbon
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covalent compound
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a compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds
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group
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the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table
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hydrocarbon
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a subatance that absorbs water molecules from the air to become a hydrate
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insoluble
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term describing a compound that does not dissolve in liquid
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compound
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a chemical combination of two or more different elements joined together in a fixed proportion
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formula
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a combination of chemical symbols that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms of each element
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ion
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an atom or group of combined atoms that has a charge because of the loss or gain of electrons
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ionic bond
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the strong attractive force between ions of opposite charge
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ionic compound
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a compound comprised of ions
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isotope
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any of two or more atoms of an element that are chemically alike but hace different masses
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joule
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the SI unit of energy
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kelvin (K)
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a division of the Kelvin scale; the SI unit of temperature
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lanthanide
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one of the first series of inner transition elements with atomic numbers 58 to 71
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law of conservation of mass
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in a chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed
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law of definite proportions
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the principle that the elements that comprise a compund are always in a certain proportion by mass
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lewis dot diagram
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a diagram where dots or other small symbols are placed around the cheimical symbol of an element to illustrate its valence electrons
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mass
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the measure of the amount of matter an object contains
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mass number
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the sum of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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metal
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an element that has luster, conducts heat and electricity and usually bends without breaking
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mixture
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a combination of two or more substances in which thw basic of identity of each substance is not changed
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molar mass
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the mass of one mole of a pure substance
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mole
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the unit used to count numbers of atoms, molecules, or formula units of substances
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molecular mass
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the mass in atomic mass units of one molecule of a covalent compound
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molecule
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an uncharged group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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neutron
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a subatomic particle with a mass equal to a proton but no electrical charge
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noble gas
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any element from group 18 that has a full compliment of valence electrons and as such is non reactive
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noble gas configuration
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a state of an element achieved by having the same valence electron configuration as a noble gas atom; the most stable confuguration
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nonmetal
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an element that in general does not conduct electricty, is a poor conductor of heat, and is brittle at room temperature. Many are gases at room temperature
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octet rule
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the model of chemical stability that states that atoms become stable by having 8 electrons in their outer energy level execept for some of the smallest atoms, which only have 2 electrons
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orbital
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the space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
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organic compound
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a compound that contains carbon; few exceptions exsist
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oxidation
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a reaction in which an element loses electrons
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oxidation number
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the charge on an ion or an element; can be positive or negative
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pascal (Pa)
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the SI unit for measuring pressure
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period
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a horizontal row in the periodic table
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periodic law
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the statement that the physical and chemical properties of an element repeat in a regular pattern when they are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
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periodicity
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the tendency to reoccur at regualar intervals
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physical change
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a change in matter where its identity does not change
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physical property
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a charateristic of matter that is exhibited without a change in identity
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polyatomic ion
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an ion that consists of 2 or more different elements
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property
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the characteristics of matter, how it behaves
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proton
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a positively charged subatomic particle
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qualitive
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an observation made without measurement
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quantitive
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an observation made with measurement
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scientific law
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a fact of nature that is observed so often that it is accepted as the truth
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semiconductor
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an element that does not conduct electricity as well as a metal but that does conduct slightly better than a nonmetal
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soluble
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term describing a substance that dissolves in a liquid
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solute
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the substance that is being dissolved when making a solution
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solution
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a mixture that is the same throughout, or heterogenus
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solvent
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the substance that dissolves the solute when making a solution
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stoichiometry
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the study of relationships between measurable quantities, such as mass and volume, and the number of atoms in a chemical reaction
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sublevel
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the small energy divisons given in a energy level
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sustance
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matter with the same fixed compostion and properties
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theory
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an explanation based on many observations and supported by the results of many experiments
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transition element
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any of the elements in group three through group twelve of the periodic table, all of which are metals
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valence electron
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an electron in the outermost energy level of an atom
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volatile
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description of a substance that easily changes to a gas at room temperature
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akali metal
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any element from group 1
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akali earth metal
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any element from group 2
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allotrope
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any of two or more molecules of a single element that have different crystalline ir molecular structures
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alloy
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a solid solution containing different metals, and sometimes nonmetallic substances
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anion
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a negative ion
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aqueous solution
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a solution in which the solvent is water
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atom
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the smallest particle of a given type of matter
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atomic number
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
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atomiv theory
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the idea that matter is made up of fundamental particles called atoms
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atomic theory
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the idea that matter is made up of fundamental particles called atoms
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Avogadro constant
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the number of things in one mole of a substance, specifically 6.02x10²³
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Avogadro's priciple
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a statement that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of particles
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binary compound
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a compound that contains only 2 elements
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boiling point
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the temperature of a liquid where its vapor pressure equals the pressure exerted on the surface
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SI
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Internation system of units
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SI length unit
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meter (m)
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SI mass unit
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kilogram (kg)
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SI time unit
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second (s)
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SI temperature unit
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kelvin (K)
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SI unit of the amount of substance
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mole (mol)
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SI unit of electric current
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ampere (A)
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SI unit of luminous intensity
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candela (cd)
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SI unit of area
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m²
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SI unit of volume
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m³
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SI unity of mass density
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kg/m³
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SI unit of energy
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joule (J)
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SI unit of pressure
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pascal (P)
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SI unit of Electric potential
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volt (V)
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Metric unit of volume
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liter (L)
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Metric unit of temperature
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Celcius (C°)
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metric unit of energy
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calorie (cal)
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giga-
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Symbol:G
Meaning:billion Numerical value:1,000,000,000 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^9 |
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mega-
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Symbol: M
Meaning:million Numerical value: 1,000,000 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^6 |
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kilo-
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Symbol: k
Meaning:thousand Numerical value: 1,000 Expressed in scientific notation:1x10^3 |
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deci-
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Symbol: d
Meaning: tenth Numerical value: 0.1 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-1 |
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centi-
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Symbol: c
Meaning:hundreth Numerical value:0.01 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-2 |
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milli
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Symbol:m
Meaning:thousandth Numerical value: 0.001 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-6 |
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micro-
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Symbol: backwards u and l conjoined
Meaning: millionth Numerical value: 0.000001 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-6 |
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nano-
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Symbol:n
Meaning: billionth Numerical value: 0.000 000 001 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-9 |
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pico-
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Symbol: p
Meaning: trillionth Numerical value: 0.000 000 000 001 Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-12 |
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accuracy
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how close the measurement is to the accepted value
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precise
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the repeatablitiy of a measurement
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Celcius to kelvins
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add 273
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kelvins to Celcius
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subtract 273
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Farenheight to Celcius
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subtract 32
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Celsius to Fahrenheit
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add 32
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