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379 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the atmosphere made up of? |
78% Nitrogen, 21 % Oxygen, less then 1% Argon and 0.03% Carbon dioxide |
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What are other some gases that have very little presence in the atmosphere? |
Neon, helium, methane, krypton, xenon, hydrogen, ozone and radon |
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Why is nitrogen the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? |
It contains triple bonds, which require a lot of energy to break |
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Where is a natural source of nitrogen that is unuseable? |
It is found in the roots of plants |
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When plants convert sunlight, CO2 H2O, into glucose and O2 What is this reaction called? |
Photosynthesis |
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What is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis called? |
Cellular respiration |
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How is cellular respiration used by animals? |
It is how all animals convert sugars into energy in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria |
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What is methane? |
It is a natural gas found in marshlands and landfills resulting from anaerobic (no oxygen) fermentation of organic matter. |
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Where are large amounts of methane found? |
It is sequestered in the ocean floor the permafrost in Northern climate, and in ruminant animals, such as cows. |
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What is methane considered? |
A green house gas |
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What do forest fires release into the atmosphere |
Carbon dioxide |
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What do volcanic eruptions release into the atmosphere? |
Volcanic eruptions release CO2,H2O, CO, and SO2 into the atmosphere |
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What do recently discovered events, known as chimnmeriey release into the atmosphere? |
Chimmeriey’s release, poisonous H2S |
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What are the nothern lights/ aurora borealis? |
It is a spectacular light display where ionized particles from the sun penetrate the atmosphere close to the magnetic poles creating light. |
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What are technical appliances of gases that use nitrogen? |
Preserves food Inflates tires Makes NH3 used in fertilizers |
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What are technical appliances of gases that use oxygen? |
Scuba gear Causes fires Medicine |
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What are technical appliances of gases that use noble gas? |
Neon lights Weather balloons In windows |
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What are technical appliances of gases that use compressed air? |
Paintball Tools / nail gun Hydraulics |
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What are technical appliances of gases that use carbon dioxide? |
Fire extinguishers Pop cans Food preservations |
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What do combustible gases do ?
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Combustible gas displace oxygen, and in an hour lungs have an asphyxiating (can’t breathe) or suffocating effect. |
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What are two examples of dangerous combustible gases to have in your home? |
Carbon monoxide and Radon |
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What are two examples of dangerous combustible gases to have in your home? |
Carbon monoxide and Radon |
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What is the most common oxidizing gas? |
Oxygen |
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What are the four most common combustible hydrocarbons? |
Methane, ethane, propane, and butane. |
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What is the balanced chemical equation for propane? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the Lewis diagram for Ethane? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the Lewis diagram for propane? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the Lewis diagram for butane? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the Lewis diagram for methane? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is hydrogen known as? |
Clean fuel |
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Why is hydrogen known as clean fuel? |
it is known as clean fuel because it does not release CO2 into the atmosphere. |
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How is hydrogen gas first produced? |
Hydrogen gas must first be produced from wind, turbines or hydroelectric dams that draw renewable energy sources for it to be viable over oil |
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What is the reverse of the combustion of hydrogen reaction known as? |
Water electrolysis |
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What is another toxic gas to humans? |
Ozone |
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What do they use in blimps since the 1937 Hindenburg disaster? |
They use helium instead of hydrogen so they won’t catch on fire. |
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What is the chemical formula for ozone? |
O3 |
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What is ozone? |
In the stratosphere ozone protects us from UV rays by absorbing their energy |
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How do chlorofluorocarbons affect the ozone? |
It affects the development of ozone in depletes the ozone layer as a catalyst in the reaction. |
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How do chlorofluorocarbons affect the ozone? |
It affects the development of ozone in depletes the ozone layer as a catalyst in the reaction. |
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What halogen gas is extremely toxic and corrosive and can affect the mucus membrane in the respiratory system? |
Fluorine |
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What is fluoride used in? |
Toothpaste |
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What can chlorine be used for? |
Water purification, plastic manufacturing and cleaning disinfectant. |
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With the presence of tungsten element and electric current, what can halogens produce? |
Very bright lights and long lasting bulbs |
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What are halogens used for to help Patiences in medical procedures? |
They are used as anaesthetics to help reduce patient’s pain during medical procedures |
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What is diffusion? |
Diffusion is the tendency of gas molecules to disperse in all directions until they are uniformly distributed |
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What is diffusion caused by? |
It is caused by the second postulate of the KMT,which states that all particles are continuously moving in straight lines in all directions |
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What is an example of diffusion? |
The scent of perfume travelling through a room |
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What is effusion? |
Effusion is a much slower process in which a gas generally travels across a membrane with microscopic pores. |
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What is an example of effusion? |
The shrinking of a balloon with time as air escapes |
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What is the rate of effusion of two gases based on? |
It is based on the molecular weight of those gases. |
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What is Gortex? |
It has small pores which allows water from sweat in the form of Gas to go away from the body. |
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What is Gortex used for? |
Rain jackets, and since water droplets are larger than the pours of the jacket they cannot penetrate through this to the skin and wearers stay dry |
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What does Graham‘s law state? |
Its states that the ratio of velocity between two gases is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar masses. |
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What is the formula for grahams law? |
Back (Definition) |
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What are the units for the grahams law formula? |
V= the rate of effusion in m/s M= the molar mass(molecular weight) of the gas in g/mol |
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What is pressure? |
Pressure is the measure of force per unit area |
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What is the formula for pressure? |
P=F/A |
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What are the units for the pressure formula? |
Force(F) = N Area (A)= m squared Pressure(P) = Pa or N/m squared 1 N/m squared = 1 Pa (Pascal) |
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What are the three most commonly used units to measure pressure? |
Pascals (Kpa) Atmospheres (atm) Millimetres of mercury (mmHg) |
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What is the ratio we used to convert pressure? |
760 mmHg= 101.325 kPa =1 atm |
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What is used to measure air pressure? |
U-tube manometer |
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What are important things to note about U-tube manometers? |
The pressure is measured as the height of the column in units of mmHg. If the gas pressure equals the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, there is no height difference . |
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How do you find the real pressure of a gas with a closed end manometer? |
P= h2 - h1 |
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What do we not worry about if it’s a closed manometer? |
Atmospheres (atm) |
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How do you find the real pressure of a gas with an open ended manometer of the pressure of the gas is more then the atmosphere pressure? |
1) P=h2 -h1 2) Preal = Ph +Patm |
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How do you find the real pressure of a gas with an open ended manometer of the pressure of the gas is less then the atmosphere pressure? |
1) P=h2-h1 2) Preal= Patm - Ph |
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What is the kinetic molecular theory of gases? |
It is a hypothetical model based on experimental observations, used to explain the behaviour of ideal gas. |
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What are the five phases of matter? |
Solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose- Einstein Condensate |
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What is plasma? |
It is the fourth state of matter, and consist of ionized (charged) particles. |
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When is plasma observed in action? |
When a high electric voltage is used to produce light, renewable gas someone is observing plasma in action |
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What is an example of every day plasma? |
Fire |
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What is the most common phase in the universe? |
Plasma |
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What are the hypothesis of the kinetic theory of gases? |
1. All particles are infinitely small and the size of the particle is negligible compared to the container that it holds. (Gases don’t take up a lot of space) The particles of gas are in constant motion and move straight line. 3. The particles of gas, you’re not exert any force of attraction or repulsion on each other.there is no energy loss during a collision. 4. The main kinetic energy of the particles is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. (Hot particles move faster than cold particles.) |
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What are the three types of possible movement particles? |
Vibration, rotation, and translation |
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What types of motion do liquids have? |
Vibration and rotation, and some translation motion |
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What type of motion do solids have? |
Vibration motion |
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What types of motion do gases have? |
They display all types of motion |
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Which phases are virtually incompressible |
Liquids and solids |
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What does a solid have? |
It has a definite, volume and shape. |
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What does a liquid have? |
Liquids have a fixed mass, but will take the shape of their container. |
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What are gases? |
Gases are compressible and will expand to adopt the volume of their container |
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As temperature of the particles increases what happens to the velocity? |
The velocity increase, and a phase change of matter may occur |
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What happens is temperature increases when something is in a solid state? |
In a solid state, an increase in temperature allows particles to overcome the attractive force of neighbouring molecules to turn into liquid. |
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What happens if a solid turns into a liquid and there is still a lot of thermal energy? |
With enough thermal energy to eat, intermolecular bonds, exhibited by molecules in a liquid can overcome, and the particles will evaporate into the gas phase taking the energy with them |
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What happens to the amount of energy when you heat something up? |
Heating something up add energy or vice versa |
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What is the formula to calculate kinetic energy? |
Ek= 1/2mv squared |
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What are the units for the kinetic energy formula? |
Ek is kinetic energy in J m is mass of particles in kg v = velocity of an object in m/s |
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What happens if a solid turns into a liquid and there is still a lot of thermal energy? |
With enough thermal energy to eat, intermolecular bonds, exhibited by molecules in a liquid can overcome, and the particles will evaporate into the gas phase taking the energy with them |
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What happens to the amount of energy when you heat something up? |
Eating something up add energy or vice versa |
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What is the formula to calculate kinetic energy? |
Ek= 1/2mv squared what I |
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What are the units for the kinetic energy formula? |
Ek is kinetic energy in J m is mass of particles in kg v = velocity of an object in m/s |
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What is the proportion relationship between velocity, particles and |
The |
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What is Boyles law? |
At constant temperature for a given quantity of ideal gas, the pressure is always inversely proportional to the volume. |
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What is the formula for Boyles law? |
P1V1 = P2V2 |
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What happens to the volume in Boyles law if the pressure increases? |
The volume decreased |
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What happens to the volume in Boyles law if the pressure increases? |
The volume decreased |
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What happens to the volume and Boyles law if the pressure is decreased? |
The volume increases |
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What happens to the volume in Boyles law if the pressure increases? |
The volume decreased |
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What happens to the volume and Boyles law if the pressure is decreased? |
The volume increases |
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What is Charles law? |
At a constant pressure for a given quantity of ideal gas the volume is always proportional to the absolute temperature. |
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What kind of relationship do temperature and volume have in Charles Law? |
They follow a linear relationship |
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What kind of relationship do temperature and volume have in Charles Law? |
They follow a linear relationship |
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What is the formula for Charles Law? |
V1/ T1 = V2 / T2 |
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What happens to the temperature in Charles Law when the volume increases? |
The temperature increases |
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What happens to the temperature in Charles Law when the volume increases? |
The temperature increases |
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What happens to the temperature in Charles Law when the volume increases? |
The temperature increases |
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What happens to the temperature in Charles Law when the volume decreases? |
The temperature will decrease |
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Convert temperature from degrees Celsius to Kelvin’s? |
You add 273.15 to temperature in degrees Celsius. Vice versa |
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What does Gay-Lussac’s Law state? |
This law states that for a given quantity of ideal gas held at a constant volume the pressure is always proportional to the absolute temperature. |
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What happens to the pressure when there is a low temperature in Gay-Lussac Law? |
There is a low pressure |
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What is the pressure like when there is a low temperature in Gay-Lussac Law? |
There is a low pressure |
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What is the pressure like when there is a low temperature in Gay-Lussac Law? |
There is a low pressure |
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What is the pressure like when there is a high temperature in Gay- Lussac Law? |
There is a high pressure |
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What did Avogadro’s Law propose? |
He proposed that under the same temperature and pressure conditions the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the quantity expressed in the number of moles. |
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What is the formula for Gay-Lussac’s Law? |
P1 / T2 = P2 / T2 |
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What is the formula for Gay-Lussac’s Law? |
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 |
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What is the formula for Avogadro’s Law? |
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 |
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What is the formula for the ideal gas law? |
PV = nRT |
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What are the units for the pressure in the ideal gas law? |
Kpa |
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What are the units for Volume in the ideal gas law? |
Litres (L) |
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What are the units for Volume in the ideal gas law? |
Litres (L) |
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What are the units for Volume in the ideal gas law? |
Litres (L) |
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What are the units for the number of moles of gas in the ideal gas law? |
Moles (mol) |
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What are the units for temperature in the ideal gas law? |
Kelvin’s (K) |
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What is the real gas constant? |
8.31 Kpa • L /mol •K |
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What is the difference between ideal and real gases? |
Ideal gases follow the kinetic molecular theory of gases while real gases do not. |
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What is the formula to find the molar mass on a test? |
M= mRT / PV |
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What is the formula to find the molar mass on a test? |
M= mRT / PV |
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What is the formula for the general gas law? |
P1V1 / n1T1 = P2V2 / n2T2 |
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What is the formula to find the molar mass on a test? |
M= mRT / PV |
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What is the formula for the general gas law? |
P1V1 / n1T1 = P2V2 / n2T2 |
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When is the general gas law used? |
It is used to calculate when one substance changes. It combination of the simple gas laws and is a simplified version of the ideal gas law. |
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What is the formula to find the molar mass on a test? |
M= mRT / PV |
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What is the formula for the general gas law? |
P1V1 / n1T1 = P2V2 / n2T2 |
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When is the general gas law used? |
It is used to calculate when one substance changes. It combination of the simple gas laws and is a simplified version of the ideal gas law. |
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What is the STP (Standard temperature and pressure) ? |
0 degrees Celsius 101.3 Kpa |
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What is the SATP (Standard ambient temperature and pressure)? |
25 degrees Celsius 101.3 Kpa |
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What does Dalton’s law of partial pressures state? |
That the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressure for each individual type of gas. |
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What is the formula for Dalton’s law? |
Pt= Pa+Pb+ Pc ….. |
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How do determine partial pressure for a specific gas in a mixture given the total pressure of the mixture? |
You take the number of moles of this species divided by the total number of moles in the mixture. |
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What is finding partial pressure of Dalton’s law also called? |
The mole percentage |
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What is the formula to find partial pressure of a specific gas? |
PA = nA / nT times PT |
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What do the symbols in the partial pressure stand for? What are there units? |
nA is the number of moles in species A in moles (mol) nT is the total number of moles in the mixture in moles(mol) PT is the total pressure PA is partial pressure of A (PTand PA are in any unit of pressure as long as it is the same) |
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What is the atmosphere made up of? |
78% Nitrogen,21% oxygen, Less then 1% Argon and 0.03% Carbon dioxide |
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What is all matter composed of? |
Tiny particles called atoms. |
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What happens when these atoms bond together? |
They form stable compounds |
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What do we use to calculate the number of atoms in a chemical reaction? |
The concept of a mole. |
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What is a mole? |
It is simply a number |
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What is 1 mole equal too? |
6.02x 10 to the power of 23. |
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What do we use moles for? |
Find the mass of something or find the number of atoms. |
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What is the ratio to convert Pressure |
60 mmHg = 101.325 KPa = 1 atm |
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What is the molar mass of an element or compound? |
It is the ratio of mass in grams to the number of moles. |
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How can you calculate the number of particles in something? |
# of particles = n times (x) Avogadro's number |
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What can you find out if you have the number of particles? |
You can find the mass. |
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What is the formula to calculate the number of moles? |
n=m/mm |
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What units do we use for number of moles? |
Mol |
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What units do we use for mass? |
Grams(g) |
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What units do we use for molar mass? |
g/mol |
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What is another work for molar concentration? |
Molarity |
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What is the formula for molar concentration? |
C=n/v |
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What are the units for moles is the molar concentration formula? |
Mol |
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What are the units for molar concentration? |
mol/L |
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What are the units for volume in the molar concentration formula? |
Liters(L) |
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What law does a chemical reaction follow? |
The law of conservation of mass. |
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What is the quantity of an element before the reaction called? |
The reactant |
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What is a single displacement reaction? |
A+BC =AC+B (the one that’s alone goes with the second element one the compound. The first goes by itself) |
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What is a double displacement? |
AB+CD=AD+CB ( the first element stays the same the second switches) |
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What are Alkali metals? |
Very reactive and have one Valance electron. |
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What are Alkaline Earth metals? |
2 valance electrons and some what reactive. |
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What are transitions metals? |
They are metals were multiple ions are possible |
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What are non- metals? |
They make organic molecules and form covalent bond. |
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What are Halogens? |
They are reactive and need one electron to form a stable Octet. |
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What are noble gases? |
They have stable octets and are more dense as you go down the table. |
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What are notable elements of Alkali metals? |
They make bases in H2O and are bigger and more reactive as you move down the table. |
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What are notable elements of Alkaline Earth metals? |
They make bases in H2O difficult to “de-earth” and have high boiling and melting points |
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What are notable elements of Transition metals? |
Shining high boiling and melting points. |
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What are notable elements of Halogens? |
Salts |
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What are notable elements of non -metals? |
They form single, double and triple bonds. They are brittle and do non conduct heat or electricity |
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What are notable elements of Noble gases? |
They are Inert and non - reactive |
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What happens to electrons in Polar Covalent bonds? |
They are shared but have a tendency to stay near the more electronegative atom. |
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What is it called when electrons in polar covalent bonds if the atom is in a different place? |
It is called a slight negative or positive dipole. |
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What elements can form hydrogen bonds with hydrogen? |
N, O and F |
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What elements are diatomic gases? |
Br2,I2,N2,Cl2,H2,O2 and F2 |
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What is a way of remembering what the diatomic gases are? |
Have no fear of ice cold beer. |
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How do you draw Lewis dot diagrams? |
The chemical symbol surrounded by the number of valance electrons. |
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How do you write chemical formulas for Ionic compounds? |
1. Write the chemical symbol for each element with the metal first. 2. Write the ionic charge above each symbol. 3. Crossover the ionic charges and write them below. Remove charges 4. Simply the numbers if necessary remove the 1’s. |
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How do you name covalent bonds? |
1. Determine how many there are of the first non-metal. 2. Add the appropriate prefix before the non- metals name unless it is mono-. 3. Name the second non-metal with an appropriate prefix. 4. Change the ending of the last element to -ide. |
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How do you name ionic compounds? |
1. Name the metal first 2. Name the non-metal and Change the ending to -ide. No prefixes. |
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How do you name a formula with a multiple ion charge? |
1. Name the metal first. 2.determine the metals ionic charge. 3. Write the ionic charge using Roman numerals in brackets. 4. Name the non-metal changing the ending to -ide. |
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What do all elements of the same type have? |
The same atomic number. |
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What does the atomic number represent? |
The amount of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. |
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What are neutrally charged particles called? |
Neutrons |
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What do neutrons and protons have in common? |
They have the same mass. |
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What do the elements in the same column have in common? |
Number of valance electrons and are in the same family. |
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What do element is the same row have in common? |
The same number of electron shells and are in the same period. |
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How do you draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram? |
You write the number of protons and neutrons in the center and then put the number of electrons in a cloud like structure around. |
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What are ionic bonds? |
This is a type of intra molecular force forms between a metal and a non - metal. |
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How does an ionic bond work? |
It is formed between two molecules of opposite charges. Electrons are stolen by the more electronegative atom. |
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What does electronegative mean? |
It means it has a desire to get electrons. |
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What is the most electronegative element? |
F (Fluorine) |
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What is a positive ion called? |
A cation |
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What is a negative ion called? |
An Anion |
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How do you find the chemical formula for covalent bonds? |
Use Lewis diagrams and make sure nothing is alone. |
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What do ionic compounds form with high boiling points and high melting points? |
Crystalline structures |
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What are covalent bonds? |
Is a bond between two non- metals. |
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What do atoms do in covalent bonds? |
They share electrons to form stable electrons shells that satisfy the octet rule. |
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What do all organic molecules contain? |
Covalent bonds |
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What are polyatomic ions? |
They are charged molecules containing covalent bonds. |
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What do covalent compounds not do? |
They don’t conduct electricity. |
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When is a single bond used? |
A single is used when atoms share two electrons. |
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When is a double bond used? |
A double bond is used when atoms share four electrons. |
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When is a triple bond used? |
A triple bond is used when atoms share six electrons. |
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How do you draw Lewis diagrams for molecules? |
1. Count up the total number of valance electrons you have to work with.2. Try forming all single bonds with all atoms involved first (include your lone pairs). Make sure you follow the octet rule with all atoms(remember exceptions)3. Count the number of electrons you used. If the number is the same as your count in step 1, you are done. if you have counted more electrons the number in step 1, you must begin forming multiple bonds. |
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What is stoichiometry? |
Stoichiometry is using the proportional relationships in a chemical reaction to determine or calculate the amount of elements or compounds involved in a chemical change. |
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What is a mole ratio? |
A mole ratio describes the ratio in which the substances combine. |
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What are mole ratios used for? |
They are used to predict, will happen if you had one substance changes |
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How do you calculate stoichiometry? |
1. Balance the chemical equation(if needed)2. Set up a mole ratio or calculate the number of moles3. If you just calculated the number of moles set up a mole ratio.4. Find the answer for what the question is asking you. |
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What is thermodynamics? |
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and temperature. |
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What is energy? |
Energy is the capacity to do work. |
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What is temperature? |
Temperature is the measure of the agitation of the atoms and particles in a system. |
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What is heat? |
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy when two systems with different temperatures come into contact with each other. Heat is a form of energy. |
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What are the 4 laws of thermodynamics? |
0th Law: Two things that come together at the same temperature with a third thing are all at the same temperature.1st Law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one state to another. This is the law of conservation of energy.2nd law: heat can only travel from a warmer object to a colder one. All systems tend to move from a state of higher order to less order. This, the total of entropy (the measure of randomness) of the universe will increase.3rd law: There is constant entropy at absolute zero. It is impossible to reach absolute zero. |
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What is a system? |
System is a zone under observation. |
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What is considered not a system? |
Everything that is not contained with in the system is considered the surroundings/environment/universe. |
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What are the three most commonly studied systems? |
Open, closed and isolated systems |
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What is an open system? |
In an open system, both energy and matter can move freely in and out of the system. |
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What is an example of an open system? |
A campfire or beaker. |
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What is the close system? |
In a close system, energy can move in and out of the system, but matter cannot. |
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What is an example of a closed system? |
A tire or balloon |
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What is an isolated system? |
In an isolated system, neither energy or matter can be exchanged with the system. |
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What is an example of an isolated system? |
A bomb calorimeter or a really good thermos. |
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Why can it take more of less energy to change the substances temperature? |
It is due to the chemical nature of a substance. (Depends on there desire to get electrons) |
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What is the formula to find the amount thermal energy in a substance? |
Q= mc(delta T) |
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What are the units for the quantity of heat energy in a substance in the thermal energy formula? |
Joules (J) |
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What are the units for the mass of a substance in the thermal energy formula? |
Grams(g) |
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What are the units for the specific heat capacity in the thermal energy formula? |
J/g•c |
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What are the units for the temperature in the thermal energy formula? |
(Tf-Ti) in degrees Celsius |
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What is the specific heat capacity of a substance? |
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to heat 1 g of a substance by 1°C. |
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What are the three different ways heat can be transferred? |
Conduction Convection (flow of air) Radiation (microwave or sun) |
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How is heat transferred using conduction? |
Heat moves from two stationary objects in contact with each other. |
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What is an example of heat transfer using conduction? |
Cooking with a frying pan |
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How is heat transferred using convection? |
One of the object is of fluid. The faster the fluid moves. The more heat is transferred between objects. |
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What is an example heat being transferred using convection? |
Driving with your hand out the window or using the fan |
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How is heat transferred using radiation? |
Energy in the form of an electromagnetic wave propagates through the median until it contacts an object to the most common source of radiation is the sun. |
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What is an example of heat being transferred using radiation? |
Radiation can travel through a vacuum, such as interstellar space |
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What is the value of Q when heat leaves the system? |
The value of Q is negative, and the final temperature is less than the initial temperature |
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What is the value of Q when he enters the system? |
The value of Q is positive and the final temperature is more than the initial temperature |
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What is the formula for the transfer of heat between two systems? |
- m1cp1 (Tf -Ti) = m2cp2 (Tf -Ti) |
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What are the units for mass in the heat transfer between two systems formula? |
M1 and m2 are in grams (g) |
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What are the units for the specific heat capacity in the heat transfer between two systems formula? |
Cp1 and Cp2 are in J/ g•C |
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What are the units for temperature in the heat transfer between two systems formula? |
Tf and Ti are the change of temperature in degrees Celsius |
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What is something important to note about the final temperature in the heat transfer between two systems formula? |
Tf is the same for both sides or objects |
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What is enthalpy denoted by? |
The letter H |
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What is enthalpy? |
t is a word used to define the total amount of potential kinetic energy contained in a system at constant pressure |
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What is kinetic energy? |
It is the measure of the vibrational translational and rotational movements of a substance. |
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What is potential energy? |
Is the amount of energy that can be turned into kinetic energy. |
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At the atomic level, how does potential energy exist? |
It exists through the nuclear attraction between protons and electrons when they are together they are stable and in a low potential state however, if they if you move them apart, you’re just creating potential for them to combined and then doing so they give off a kinetic energy. |
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What is the enthalpy change formula? |
Delta H = Hproducts - Hreactants |
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What are the units for enthalpy in the enthalpy change formula? |
Kilojoules (KJ) |
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What happens during endothermic process? |
Heat enters the system so it absorbs energy making it feel cold. |
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Is the enthalpy positive or negative during the endothermic process? |
Positive |
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What happens during the exothermic process? |
Heat leaves the system releasing energy and the system feels hot. |
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Is the enthalpy positive or negative during the exothermic process? |
Negative |
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What is the phase change of fusion? |
Solid to a liquid (melting) |
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What is the phase change of vaporization? |
Liquid to a gas |
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What is the phase change of condensation? |
Gas to a liquid |
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What is the phase change of solidification? |
Liquid to a solid |
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What phase changes are endothermic processes? |
Fusion Vaporization |
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What phase changes are exothermic processes? |
Condensation Solidification |
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When energy is on the left of a chemical equation is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? |
Endothermic |
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When energy is on the right of a chemical equation is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? |
Exothermic |
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What is bond energy? |
Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break a specific chemical bond. |
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Is the process of breaking bonds endothermic or exothermic? |
Endothermic |
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Is the process of creating a new bond exothermic or endothermic? |
Exothermic |
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What is the energy balance formula? |
Delta Hr = delta Hbonds broken + delta Hbonds formed |
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What are the units for enthalpy in the energy balance formula? |
KJ / mol |
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Does Delta H bonds broken have a positive or negative enthalpy? |
Positive |
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Does Delta H bonds formed have a positive or negative enthalpy? |
Negative |
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What are the steps to find the enthalpy of a reaction? |
1. Draw a Lewis dot diagram for all species involved. 2. Determine their bonds energies from table. 3. Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction 4. Draw the energy balance diagram. |
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What is a thermodynamical equation? |
A thermodynamical equation is a balanced equation that includes the enthalpy of the reaction within the balance. |
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What are intermolecular forces? |
Intermolecular forces are between molecules |
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What are intramolecular forces? |
Intramolecular forces within molecules |
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What is molar heat neutralization? |
Molar heat neutralization is the quantity of energy that is absorbed or released during the neutralization of one mole of an acid or a base. |
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What are the intermolecular forces acting on an object? |
1. Hydrocarbons with larger molecular weights have higher boiling points because of increased Van der Waals forces. 2. Water is a liquid at room temperature because of H- bonds. CO2 is not. 3. A geckos toes can stick to a wall because of extremely tiny hairs that create Van der Waals forces. 4. Methanol is a liquid because it is polar, creating attractive forces between neighboring molecules. CH4 is non- polar and is a gas at room temperature. |
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What is the solute? |
The solute is the less abundant quantity that dissolves in another. |
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What is the solvent? |
The solvent is the liquid in greater quantity that contains the solute. |
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What is the universal solvent? |
Water |
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What happens when ionic compounds dissolve? |
They dissociate |
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What is Hess’s law known as? |
The law of constant heat summation. |
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When does Hess’s law apply? |
It applies for the delta H of dissociation and neutralization as well as any reaction whose heat of reaction is determined using a calorimeter. |
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What is Hess’s law? |
If a reaction is broken down into several simple reactions, its enthalpy change is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of each of the simple reactions. |
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What is the formula for Hess’s law? |
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What are the units for the enthalpy in the Hess’s law formula? |
Kj/mol |
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What are the three types of intermolecular forces? |
1. Hydrogen bonds 2. Polar bonds 3. Van der Waals |
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What are the three types of intramolecular forces? |
1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Ionic and covalent |
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What are hydrogen bonds? |
Hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular bond. They occur when hydrogen is bonded with N, O, and F |
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What are Polar bonds? |
Polar bonds occur between any other combinations and are not evenly spread out. |
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What are Van der Waals forces? |
Van der Waals forces are any-other combination of forces that are evenly spread out. They are the weakest. |
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What are Van der Waals forces caused by? |
Random Electron Displacement |
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Is this an Endothermic or Exothermic graph? |
Exothermic |
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Is this an Endothermic or Exothermic graph? |
Endothermic |
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Is this graph an Exothermic or Endothermic process? |
Exothermic |
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Is this graph an exothermic or endothermic process? |
Endothermic |
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What does this graph show? |
Ideal reaction rate |
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What does this graph show? |
Average reaction rate |
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What is the formula for the general reaction rate formula? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the formula for the general reaction rate formula given the concentration? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the rate law equation? |
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What is the formula for the rate of reaction of reactants? |
Rreactants = - delta Quantity of R / delta t |
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What is the formula for the reaction rate of the products? |
Rproducts= delta Quantity of P/ delta t |
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What does Rreactants stand for? |
Reaction rate of the reactants. |
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What does Rproducts stand for? |
Reaction rate of the products |
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What does delta Quantity stand for? |
The quantity of reactants or products. |
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How do you find delta Q of the reaction rate formula? |
The final quantity minus the the initial quantity for the reactants and products respectively |
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What does delta t stand for? How do you find it? |
The change in time (tfinal -tinitial) |
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What does the reaction rate formula prove? |
That not all species are being consumed or produced. |
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What does the overall reaction rate depend on? |
The stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. |
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What is reaction rate? |
Reaction rate is simply the change in the quantity of a substance divided by the change in time over which it occurred. |
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What are the units for the general reaction rate? |
(mol/L)/s |
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What do a,b,c,d stand for in the general reaction rate formula? |
The coefficients of each species in the balanced chemical equation |
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What does rA,rB,rC,rD stand for in the general reaction rate formula? |
The reaction rates for each species involved in the reaction. |
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What does a,b,c,d stand for in the general reaction rate given the change in concentration formula? |
The coefficients of each species in the balanced equation. |
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What does delta t stand for in the general reaction rate formula given the concentration? |
What does delta t stand for in the general reaction rate formula given the concentration? |
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What does delta[A],delta[B],delta [C], delta [D] stand for in the general reaction rate formula given concentration? |
The change in concentration for each species |
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What are the units for The change in concentration in the general reaction rate formula given the concentration? |
mol/L |
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What are the two types of collisions? |
Elastic and inelastic |
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What are elastic collisions? |
The reactant particles hit each other and bounce off with no reaction. |
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What are inelastic collisions? |
Where the reactants hit each other with sufficient energy and orientation to cause a reaction |
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What is the criteria for inelastic collisions to occur? |
Reactant particles must have the correct orientation Particles must have sufficient energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. |
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What is activation energy? |
Activation energy is the minimum collision energy required for a reaction to occur. |
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How can activation energy be determined? |
It can be determined experimentally and form an energy/time graph. |
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What are the four ways to increase the number of inelastic collisions? |
-increase temperature (energy) -increase concentration/ # of particles -introduce a catalyst -increase surface area |
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What does an overall reaction consist of? |
Many elementary reactions |
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What are elementary reactions? |
Small reactions that take place |
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Over what time scales does an elementary reaction take place? |
Pemto or Pico |
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What is a femto second? |
A femto second is a billionth of a millionth of a second. |
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How can the instantaneous reaction rate of a chemical reaction be shown on a graph? |
On a graph, this can be shown as a tangent. |
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What is a reaction that occurs with the reactions are in different phases called? |
A heterogeneous reaction |
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Which type of system generally reacts, faster, homogeneous, or heterogeneous? |
Homogenous |
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What is the reason for different rates of reactions? |
Intermolecular forces |
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How does the bond energy affect the rate of the reaction? |
The higher the bond energy the slower the reaction. Vise versa |
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What are the two factors that affect the reaction rate? |
The phase of the reactants The bond energy |
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According to the particle theory of matter do particles that are closer to each other greater force of attraction or less force of attraction? |
Greater force of attraction |
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Do solids or liquids and gases have a greater force of attraction? |
In a solid particles are very close and the forces are stronger then those between neighboring molecules compared to liquids and gases. |
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How far does light travel in a femto second? |
The width of a hair |
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What are forces between molecules known as? |
Intermolecular forces |
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What is the order of common phases from slowest to fastest? |
1. Solid 2.Liquid 3. Gases 4. Aqueous ions |
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What is important to note about elementary reaction intermediates? |
They typically have very high energy and are quite unstable. |
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What is considered the rate limiting step? |
The elementary reaction with the highest activation energy is considered the rate limiting step. |
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What are the three different ways reaction rates can be determined? |
Graphically, table of values, and words |
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What is the average reaction rate of a chemical reaction? |
The average reaction rate of a chemical reaction is the change in the quantity of a reactant or product over a given length of time. |
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How is the average reaction rate of a chemical reaction shown on the graph? |
This can be shown as a secant between two points. |
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What is the instantaneous reaction rate of a chemical reaction? |
The instantaneous reaction rate of a chemical reaction is the reaction rate of a specific time during the reaction. |
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Why do aqueous ions react the fastest? |
Aquarius ions react the fastest because they are composed of ionic charges which forces the molecules to be attracted or repulsed from each other. |
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What is the energy barrier that needs to be over come to start a reaction known as? |
The activation energy |
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Do molecules with higher bond energies have higher activation energy or lower activation energies? |
Higher activation energies |
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How does the bond energy affect the rate of a reaction? |
The reaction rate of molecules with strong bond energies is typically very slow. Compounds containing triple and double bonds are slower than compounds containing single bonds |
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What are three examples of how increasing the surface area of reactants increases the rate of a reaction? |
-kindling will burn faster then a large log. - dust can catch fire faster than a large pile of dust. - a small powder will dissolve faster than something that is solid. |
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What is the rate law? |
The rate law is an expression relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration of the reactants. |
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What does r stand for in the rate law equation? |
Reaction rate |
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What does k stand for in the rate law equation? |
The rate constant |
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What do a and b stand for in the rate law equation? |
What do an and b stand for in the rate law equation? |
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What are the units for the reaction rate in the rate law equation? |
mol/L•s |
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What does a large k mean in the rate law equation? |
Fast reaction |
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What does a small k mean in the rate law equation? |
Degree Reaction |
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What is the degree of a reaction? |
The degree of the reactants is the sum of the exponents for each reactant. |
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What do you have to consider when doing the rate law equation? |
Only the concentration of gases and aqueous ions are considered in the rate law equation. |
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What is not considered when looking at the rate law equation? |
Solids and liquids are not considered in the rate law equation. |
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What is a catalyst? |
Catalyst are substances that increase the reaction rate without changing the result of the conversion and without being consumed by the reaction. |
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What type of catalyst is it if the reactants are in the same phase? |
Homogeneous catalyst |
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What type of catalyst is it if the reactants are in different phases? |
Heterogeneous catalysts |
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What does a catalyst not affect? |
The enthalpy of a reaction. |
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What does a catalyst do? |
It lowers the activation energy (it takes less energy to react) |
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What is an inhibitor? |
An inhibitor is a substance that reduces the reaction rate. It acts by increasing the activation energy of a chemical reaction. |
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What is the lock and key model? |
The lock and key model is when something of a defined shape can only fit one type of molecule. |
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What is the induced fit model? |
When a molecule will take the form of whatever it is required to be in. |
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That is an example of the lock and key model? |
A lock going in a door |
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What is an example of the induced fit model? |
Pushing something into playdo. |
