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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aseptic |
Refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants |
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Example of aseptic procedures |
Handwashing; preparation of surgical fields; flame sterilization of lab equipment |
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Degerming |
Removal of microbes by mechanical means |
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Examples of degerming |
Handwashing; alcohol swabbing at site of injection |
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Disinfection |
Destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on nonliving tissue |
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Examples of disinfection |
Phenolics; alcohols; aldehydes; soaps |
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Pasteurization |
Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages |
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Examples of pasteurization |
Pasteurized milk and fruit juices |
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Sanitization |
Removal of pathogens from objects to meet pubic health standards |
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Examples of Sanitization |
Washing tableware in scalding water |
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-stasis; -static |
Suffixes indicating inhibition, but not complete destruction of a type of microbe ex.: Bacteriostatic |
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-cide or -cidal |
Suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe; Ex.: Bactericide |
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Sterilization |
Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses on or in an object |
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Example of sterilization |
Preparation of microbiological culture media and canned food |
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Boiling |
Conditions: 10 minutes at 100°C; Action: denatures proteins and destroys membranes; Use: Disinfection of baby bottles |
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Autoclaving (pressure cooking) |
Conditions: 15 minutes at 121°C; Action: Denatures proteins and destroys membranes Use: sterilization of lab equipment and sterilization of canned food |
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Pasteurization |
Conditions: 15 seconds at 72°C; Action: denatures proteins and destroys membranes; Use: destruction of all pathogens and most spoilage microbes in dairy, fruit juice, beer, and wine |
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Ultrahigh-Temperature Sterilization |
Conditions: 1-3 seconds at 140°C; Action: denatures proteins and destroys membranes; Uses: sterilization of dairy products |
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Hot Air |
Conditions: 2 hours at 160°C or 1 hour at 171°C; Action: denatures proteins, destroys membranes, oxidizes metabolic compounds; Use: Sterilization of water-sensitive materials such as metals |
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Incineration |
Condition: 1 second at 1000°C and above; Action: oxidizes everything completely; Use: sterilization of inoculating loops, flammable contaminated waste, and diseased carcasses |
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Refrigeration |
Conditions: storage at 0 - 7°C; Actions: inhibits metabolism; Uses: preservation of food |
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Antisepsis |
Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses on living tissue |
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Example of antisepsis |
Iodine; alcohol |
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Freezing |
Actions: inhibits metabolism; Use: long-term preservation of foods, drugs, and cultures |
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Desiccation (drying) |
Conditions: varies with amount of water; Actions: inhibits metabolism; Use: preservation of food |
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Lyophilization (freeze drying) |
Conditions: -196°C for a few minutes while drying; Actions: inhibits metabolism; Use: Long-term storage of bacterial cultures |
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Filtration |
Conditions: filter retains microbes; Action: physically separates microbes from air or liquids; Use: sterilization of air and heat-sensitive ophthalmic and enzymatic solutions, vaccines, and antibiotics |
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Osmotic Pressure (as a method of microbial control) |
Conditions: exposure to hypertonic solutions; Action: inhibits metabolism; Use: preservation of food |
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Ionization Radiation (electron beams, gamma rays, X rays) |
Conditions: Seconds to hours of exposure, depending on wavelength; Action: Destroys DNA; Use: Sterilization of lab equipment and preservation of food |
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Nonionizing Radiation (ultraviolet light) |
Conditions: Irradiation of 260-nm-wavelength radiation; Action: formation of thymine dimers inhibits DNA transcription and replication; Use: disinfection of surfaces and of transparent gases and fluids |
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Phenol (carbolic acid) |
Action: Denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes; Use: original surgical antiseptic |
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Phenolics |
Actions: denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes; Use: disinfectants and antiseptics |
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Alcohols |
Action: Denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes; Use: disinfectants, antiseptics, and as a solvent in tinctures |
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Halogens (iodine, chlorine, bromine, and flourine) |
Actions: Presumably denature proteins; Use: disinfectants, antiseptics, and water purification |
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Oxidizing agents (peroxides, ozone, and peracetic acid) |
Action: denature proteins by oxidation; Use: disinfectants, antiseptics for deep wounds, water purification, and sterilization of food processing and medical equipmentf |
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Surfactants (soaps and detergents) |
Action: decreases surface tension of water and disrupts cell membranes; Use: soaps, degerming, detergents, antiseptics |
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Heavy Metals (arsenic, zinc, mercury, silver, copper, etc.) |
Actions: denature proteins; Use: fungistats in paints, silver nitrate cream, surgical dressings, burn creams and catheters; copper: algicides in water reservoirs, pools, and aquariums |
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Aldehydes (gluteraldehyde and formaldehyde) |
Action: denature proteins; Use: disinfectant and embalming fluid |
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Gaseous Agents (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and beta-propiolactone) |
Action: denature proteins; Use: sterilization of heat- and water-resistant objects |
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What must be considered when selecting a microbial control agent |
The site to be treated and the susceptibility of microorganisms |
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Phenol Coefficient (method of evaluating disinfectants and antiseptics) |
The ratio of a given agent's ability to control microbes as compared to that of phenol under standardized conditions |
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Use-Dilution Test |
Method of evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics in which several cylinders are dipped into broth cultures of bacteria and briefly dried--then, each contaminated cylinder is dropped into different solutions of the agents being evaluated. The most effect agent is the one that entirely prevents future microbial growth, at the highest dilution |
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Kelsey-Sikes Capacity Test |
A suspension of a bacterium is added to a suitable concentration of the chemical being evaluated; then, at predetermined times, the samples of the mixture are moved into growth medium containing a disinfectant deactivator. After a 48 hour incubation time, turbidity (or lack thereof) in the medium indicates the survival or death of bacteria |
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In-Use Test |
A more realistic method of evaluating chemicals through which swabs are taken from actual objects, both before and after the application of the disinfectant or antiseptic. After inoculation, and after incubation, the media are studied for microbial growth |
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Diffusion Susceptibility Test (Kirby-Bauer) |
Petri plates are inoculated with a particular pathogen and arranged on plate discs soaked in the drugs to be tested |
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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration |
The smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit a pathogen |
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Minimum Bactericidal Concentration Test |
Extension of the MIC in which samples taken from clear MIC tubes are transferred to plates containing drug-free growth medium and monitored for bacterial replication |