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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microbial Genetics
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DNA of a cell chromosome has to divide or replicate in order for cell to divide.
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Science of Genetics Explore
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Transmission of biological traits from parent to off spring.
Expression & variation of those traits. Structure & function of genetic material. How material changes. |
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Genome
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Total of all genetic material of a cell
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Inheritance
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Passing of genetic info from parent to offspring.
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Genetics
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study of gens heredity , inheritance
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Regulatory gens
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Control gene expression
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid double strand super helix (Virus 1 strand)
Composed of Nucleotides A,T,C,G Sugar Phosphate backe bone & nitrogen Bases |
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hydrogen bond
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Holds nucleic acids together
A=T (double bond) C=G (triple bond) stongest bond triple |
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Head & Tail end of DNA
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3 Prime & 5 Prime
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Nucleotide
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Base unit of DNA composed of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar an nitrogen bases.
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Gene
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Segement of DNA that carries particular genetic info (characterictics,functions,enzymes
Contain necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule Responcible for given trait |
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Structual Genes
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Code for protein
Gene that code for RNA |
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Purines
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A,G nitrogen bases important encoding component of DNA & RNA
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Pyrimidines
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C,T nitrogen bases that help form the genetic code on DNA & RNA
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Genotype
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Genetic make up of an organism
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Phenotype
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Outward of Physical appearence of an organism
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Alleles
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Alternate members of gene pairs that can be homo or heterozygous
Eukaryotic Chromosomes |
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Homozygous
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Same allele at a genes locus
All ressive or dominant |
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Heterozygous
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Pairing a ressive allele with a dominant allele aA or tT
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Recessive Gene
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Presence of a dominant gene that is only expressed in a homozygous state
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Dominant Gene
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Gene that is always expressed and surpresses the recessive gene
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Transcription
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DNA to RNA Copies
Take place in nucleus Needs RNA polymerase ,enzymes, primer and nucleotides makes 3 types of RNA |
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Start Codon
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AUG Methionine
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F Plasmids
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contains code for F pilli which serves as conjugation bridge for gene transfer during conjugation or sexduction
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Significance of DNA Structure
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Maintinance of the code durning reproduction
Providing variety |
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Antiparallel arrangement
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runs in opposite directions
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Semi-Conservative
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Gene duplication making new DNA from old DNA ensures fidility,accuracy,error
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Plasmids
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Small circular extra chromosomal DNA capable of independent duplication contain gene for R & F Plasmids
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Chromosome
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DNA forms the chromosomes of all organisms/cells.(Viruses have RNA)
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R-Plasmids
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Resistance against antibiotics, drugs, chemicals
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Codon
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Genetic code on Mrna forms codon forms 1 amino acid durning translation 64 Total
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Anti-Codon
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triple codon on Trna
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Bacteria Chromosome
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Large circular DNA containing most of the organisms genetic material located in the nucleoid region
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Mrna
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Carry DNA code to be translates into proteins
Forms by transcription |
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Translation
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RNA to Protein
occurs on the ribosome of all cells use Mrna as the genetic code takes place in cytoplasm |
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Stop Codons
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UAA,UAG,UGA
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Rrna
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Makes up the major part of the ribosomes and participate in protein synthesis
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Trna
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Carries amino acids to ribosomes durning translation
Adapts the genetic code to protein structure |
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Gene processing
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Removing introns while retaining the coding exons
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introns
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None coding dna segments
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Spliceosomes
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enzyme which cut off introns to join exons durning gene processing
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Restriction Enzymes (endonuclease)
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Cut or cleave dna at a specific site
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Dna Ligase
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Enzyme that joins the free dna ends forming a continious piece binds dna fragments together
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Primase
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Synthesizing an rna primer
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Genetic processing
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removal of introns to reconnect exons
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Polymerase I
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remove primer close gaps and repair mistakes
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PolymeraseII
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proof reads corrects and incorporate nucleotides
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leading strand
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continously synthisized copied in the direction of the repliction fork
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Lagging Strand
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discontinously synthesized copied in the direction away from the replication fork
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Okazaki Fragments
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Short segments of discontinously dna fragments that become continous strands when ligated together by dna ligase
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RNA
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use uricil instead of thymine
single strand sugar is ribose |
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process of replication
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uncoiling
unzipping synthesizing two new strands |
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Replication needs following materials
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nucleiotide
dna template primer enzymes |
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replication
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use of dna to make dna copies
takes place in the nucleus |
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Translation needs the following materials
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Mrna
Trna Rrna ribosomes and amino acids |
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3 Phases of RNA synthesis
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initiation
elongation termination |
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initiation
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Binding of rna polymerase to the promoter region that determins the specificity of transcription of that particular gene
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elongation
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RNA polymerase begins to synthesis a trascript of the dna sequence + in front and - in back
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termination
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RNA elongated continues until a stop signal is reached and the process stops as the ribosome falls off
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Lac operon gene
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gene that regulate responsible for latose metabolism in bacteria
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Lactose
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disaccharide made of glucose and galactose
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Promoter
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provide a position for initial binding of the rna polymearse rich in A&T base pairs
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Beta Galactosidase
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hydrolyzes the lactodr into its monosaccharide components
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Beta permease
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transport lactose across the cell wall
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Transacetylase
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this transports lactose across the cell membtrane
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Allosteric protein
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has 2 active sites for 2 substances
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enzyme induction
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when in on position the inducer enzyme lactose turns gene on
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constitutive inducer
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continuously on or permantely on due to mutation or abnormal repressor
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constitutive repression
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the inducible gene is permanently turned off due to mutation
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mutation
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Permanent inheritable change in dna
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Auxotroph
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mutant strains not able to grow on a basic of minimal culture media
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Prototroph
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Normal or wild type organisms that can grow on a basic or minimal culture media
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Types of mutation
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Spontaneous
induced mutation Point mutation nonsense mutation missense mutation frame shitf mutation |
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spontaneous mutation
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a random unpredictable change in the dna due to some unknown factors
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induced mutation
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mutation caused by some known factor
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mutagen
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substance that cause mutation
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carcinogen
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cancer causing substances
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teratogen
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substance of chemical that cause mutation in embryos
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oncogenes
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cancer causing genes
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point mutation
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one nucleotide change
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addition mutation
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to add a nucleotide segment of dna or chromosome
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deletion mutation
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loss of a nucleotide dna or chromosome
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subsitute mutation
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subsitute one nucleotide with another
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nonsense mutation
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changes a normal codon into a stop codon that doesnot code for an amino acid and stops the production of the protein
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miccense mutation
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mutation leading to altered product a faulty or nonfunctional protein
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frame shift mutation
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change due to the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides resulting in change to the codon reading frame
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Contact inhibition
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normal cells only reproduce in a monolayer and cancer cells grow out of control
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transformation
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change in phenotype
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virulent strain(smooth strain)
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has capsule kills host upon infection appears shiny and smooth
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avirulent strain (rough strain)
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no capsule does not kill host appear rough
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heat killed smooth strain
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live mouse
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mechanisms of transformation
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recombination
transduction conjugation |
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Conjugation
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plasmid transfer from one bacteria to another
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transduction
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gene transfer from one bacterium to another facilitated by viral vector
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bacteriophage
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viruses that infect bacteria
T-4 2 types lytic an lysogenic cycle |
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lytic cycle
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the virus kills the host by lysis upon infection of the host cell
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lysogenic cycle
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viral genes integrate into the host chromosome forming a prophage
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stages of the lytic cycle
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landing,attachment, penetration, biosynthesis,maturation,release
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transposition
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gene transfer and mutation by transposable elements or transposons or jumping genes
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transposons
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cassette genes bordered by inverse repeats or palindromic dna sequences
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gene therapy
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artificial introduction of human genes into others for therapeutic purpose
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complementary dna
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made from mrna by use of an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which uses rna to make dna
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reverse transcriptase
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makes complementary dna from rna
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gene cloning
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cutting and joining dna pieces using enzymes with the intention of makingmany clones or copies of a target gene
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enzymes used in cloning
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restriction enzymes
dna ligase reverse transcriptase |
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gene mapping
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deciphering the dna sequence of various genes of an organism
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