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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Terminal depletion |
When a segment is lost from the end of a chromosome |
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Interstitial depletion |
Internal segment is lost from a chromosome |
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Repetitive sequence |
DNA sequences that repeated in a genome |
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Nonallelic homologous recombination |
Occurs within chromosomes due to repetitive sequences |
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Gene Duplication |
Genetic material duplicated, with multiple copies of the region |
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Gene Family |
Genes within a single (homologous) species that are derived from the same ancestral gene |
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Homlologous |
Chromosomes having the same structural features and pattern of genes. |
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Paralogs |
(Homologous) Genes related by duplication within a genome |
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Copy of Number Variation |
Segment of DNA varying in copy numbers of the same species on a population level |
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Segment Duplication |
Small segment of a chromosome that has another copy of the same gene (Ex. Two "A" Genes) |
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Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) |
A technique to find depletion or duplication on a chromosome |
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Hybridization |
1) Mating of same species with different characteristics
2) Two single stranded molecules renature to form a hybrid molecule
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Genetic Variation |
Genetic differences of same species or different species |
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Allelic Variation |
Variation in specific genes |
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Cytogeneticist |
Scientists that study chromosomes microscopically |
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Metacentric |
Centromere is near the center |
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Submetacentric |
Centromere is slightly off-centered |
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Acrocentric |
Centromere significantly off center but not on the end |
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Telocentric |
Centromere is at one end |
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Karyotype |
Simple picture of a persons chromosomes in standard fashion via a micrograph |
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G-Banding |
Giemsa dye used to observe banding pattern in chromosomes |
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Pericentric Inversion |
Centromere lie within the inverted region |
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Paracentric Inversion |
Centromere is found outside the inverted region |
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Position Effect |
Change in phenotype when a gene position changes to another site on the chromosome |
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Inversion Heterozygote |
Organism with one normal and one inverted chromosome |
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Inversion Loop |
Homologous genes on both chromosomes align despite inverted sequence |
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Acentric Fragment |
Chromosome without centromere |
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Dicentric Fragment |
Chromosome with two centromeres |
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Dicentric Bridge |
Region of the chromosomes where two centromeres connect |
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Telomeres |
Prevents translocations; specialized repeated sequences of DNA |
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Balanced Translocations |
Unaltered of total genetic material |
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Unbalanced Translocations |
Large amounts of duplicated and/or deleted genetic material |
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Roberstonian Translocation |
Breaks near the centromeres of two non-homologous acrocentric chromosomes |
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Translocation Cross |
Occurs due to translocations, an unusual structure formed during meiosis for homologous chromosomes to synapse with each other. |
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Semisterility |
When an individual has a lowered fertility |
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Haplodiploid |
Where in some organisms one sex is haploid and the other is diploid (Ex. Bees) |
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Endopolyploidy |
In a diploid individual, the phenomenon in which certain cells of the body may be polyploid |
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Polytene chromosome |
Homologous chromosomes synapse and undergo replication, without separating |
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Chromocenter |
The central point where polytene chromosomes aggregate |
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Deletion |
A missing segment of chromosomal material |
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Deficiency |
Missing region of a chromosome |
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Duplication |
A repeated section of a chromosome |
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Inversion |
Change of direction of genetic material on a single chromosome |
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Translocation |
Segment of a chromosome that attaches to a different chromosome or moved to a different spot on the same chromosome |
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Simple Translocation |
Single piece of a chromosome attached to another chromosome |
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Reciprocal Translocation |
Two different chromosomes exchange pieces, producing abnormal chromosomes |
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Euploid |
Organism with a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of a chromosome set |
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Triploid |
Organism with three sets of chromosomes |
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Tetraploid |
Organism with four sets of chromosomes |
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Aneuploidy |
Number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of a set in an organism (Think opposite of Euploid) |
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Trisomic |
Diploid with an extra chromosome |
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Monosomic |
Diploid missing a chromosome |
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Nondisjunction |
When chromosomes don't segregate properly |
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Meiotic Nondisjunction |
Improper separation of chromosomes during meiosis |
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Alloploid |
Organism containing sets of chromosomes from two or more different species |
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Allodiploid |
Formed from closely related species carrying homeologus chromosomes |
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Allotetraploid |
Two sets of chromosomes from two different species, total of four sets. |
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Complete Nondisjunction |
Rare case of chromosomes undergo nondisjunction and migrate to a daughter cell |
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Mosaicism |
Organism with a subset of cells genetically different from the rest of the organism |
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Autopolyploid |
Individual with one or more extra set of chromosomes due to a defect in the spindle appparatus |
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Homeologous |
Evolutionarily related chromosomes from two different species (Not to be confused with homologous chromosomes!) |