Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cell Cycle |
The steps that lead to cell division in a cell's life |
Is very similar to a human life Results in cell death in some cases |
|
Mitosis |
The division of a cell on a nuclear level |
Skin cells do this most often Separating a cell |
|
Interphase |
Occurs between division of cells; causes the replication of DNA and promotes cell growth |
In between two processes Creates DNA that is "the same" |
|
G1/G0 |
The primary growth and creation of macromolecules within a cell |
Macromolecules in the beginning stages Can be thought of as "Ground zero" |
|
S |
The creation of DNA, synthesis |
How something is made The inception of something |
|
G2 |
The final growth and creation of macromolecules in a cell |
The final stage of creation "Level 2" of macromolecule inception |
|
Restriction Point |
The end of the cell cycle as well as the end of cell growth |
Can not pass this The definitive ending of progression |
|
Cytokinesis |
The separation of cytoplasm after the nucleus of a cell divides
|
Occurs mainly during mitosis Complete seperation |
|
Daughter Cell |
The two cells left behind after cell division |
What is left after a division The offspring in a "family" of cells |
|
Nucleotide Base Pairing |
Pairs of nucleotides to bonded to one another
|
Connection between two similar things Nearly identical |
|
Hydrogen Bond |
Bonds hydrogen to another element to keep a DNA double helix together
|
Bond joining DNA Very simple bond |
|
Antiparellel |
Parallel but moving in opposite directions
|
The same in structure but different in movement Almost like lanes of traffic in structure |
|
DNA Polymerase |
Initiates the creation of new DNA using a strand of the original DNA
|
Makes something new from the old Reproduction of DNA is started by this substance |
|
Semi-conservative Replication |
Produces two new strands of DNA, each containing one strand of the original DNA
|
Equal distribution of DNA strands Synthesizes the creation of DNA |
|
Histone |
Involved in the creation of a chromatin, by way of DNA wrapping around it to create a nucleosome
|
Is wrapped around by something Is involved in the process of DNA creation |
|
Chromosome |
Make an organism what it is, on a cellular level; chromosomes dictate an organisms cell growth and reproduction rates
|
A piece of genetic information in a cell Controls a cell's processes |
|
Chromatin |
DNA and other chromosomes in the cell's nucleus, but with unclear chromosomes
|
Is not clearly defined Genetic information in the nucleus |
|
Mutation |
A change in structure of genetic material (genes, chromosomes, etc.)
|
Major change or deformity Can be positive or negative |
|
Mutagen |
Causes mutations in DNA
|
Initiates major changes in genetic information Occurs the most in DNA |
|
Excision Repair |
A process that repairs DNA by removing the damaged piece and creating a new segment to replace the missing piece
|
The construction workers of DNA Replaces segments of damaged DNA to make it stronger |
|
Leading Strand/Lagging Strand |
The different strands of DNA in a newly created segment
|
The two strands that make up DNA One strand is normally new and the other is from the original DNA segment |
|
Sister Chromatids |
Identical pair of chromosomes in the cell
|
Like the identical twins of chromosomes Are created after the process of mitosis |
|
Centromere |
Holds together two of the same chromosomes
|
Bonds together similar chromosomes Acts as a go-between for genetic information |
|
Aneuploid |
Having an incorrect amount of chromosomes for the substance's specific species
|
An imbalance in genetic material Does not match up with the average for your species |
|
Prophase |
The first stage of mitosis, in which a spindle forms in place of the nuclear membrane
|
Beginning of mitosis "Pro-" meaning first |
|
Metaphase |
The second stage of mitosis, in which chromosomes attach to the middle of the spindle
|
Attracted to the center Created bonds of genetic material |
|
Anaphase |
The third stage of mitosis, in which chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
|
Repel each other Divide into two areas of the spindle |
|
Telophase |
The final stage of mitosis, in which two nuclei from in the cell; this is normally followed by cell division
|
The end of mitosis Is the former to cell division |
|
Centrioles |
Is found in animals cells and is used to organize microtubules during cell division
|
Used to organize microtubules in animals' cells Used during cell division |
|
(Mitotic) Spindle (Fibers) |
Separates chromatids during cell division and is comprised of microtubules
|
Separation within a separation process Made of microtubules |
|
Spindle Poles |
On the tip of one of the mitotic spindles, which is where the creation of identical nuclei during the process of mitosis
|
On the end, like a cap Site of mitosis |
|
Kinetochore |
Bonds chromosomes to the mitotic spindle
|
Bonding agent for genetic material Is used on a cell's spindle |
|
Cyclins |
Proteins that move a cell through the cell cycle and regulates concentration to keep the cell processes normal
|
The transfer cells of the cell cycle Regulates a cells progression through the cell cycle |
|
Kinases |
The initiation of the movement of ATP to a particular molecule
|
Moves energy to molecules Helps to power cell division |
|
Cell-Cycle Arrest |
Stopping the cell cycle due to the presence of damaged DNA
|
The stopping a the cell cycle Senses damage in genetic information |
|
Cancer |
A group of diseases that have abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells
|
Comes in many different forms A very serious and common disease |
|
Checkpoints |
Keep DNA, chromosomes, and mitotic spindles from producing mutated cells
|
Check in on the cell process of genetic substances Keeps cells from producing "damaged" cells |