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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Visual Impairment
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a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness
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Auditory Impairment
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a special need that involves the loss or hearing or some aspect of hearing
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Speech Impairment
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speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker
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Stuttering
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substantial disruption in the rhythm of fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment
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Learning Disabilities
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difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities
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Dyslexia
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a reading disability that can result in the misperception of letters during reading and writing, unusual difficulty in sounding out letters, confusion between left and right, and difficulties spelling
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ADHD
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acronym for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity
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Concrete Operational Stage
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the period of cognitive development between ages 7-12, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic
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Decentering
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the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
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Reversibility
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the notion that processes transforming a stimulus can be reversed, returning it to its original form
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Informational Processing approaches
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children become increasingly sophisticated in their handling of information
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Memory
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the process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved
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Metamemory
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an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood
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Control Strategies
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conscious, intentionally used tactics to improve cognitive processing
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Keyword Strategy
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one word is paired with another word that sounds like it or is easily associated with it
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Cooperative Learning
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in which children work together in groups to achieve a common goal
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Reciprocal Teaching
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is a technique to teach reading comprehension strategies; emphasizes on giving students a change to take the role of the teacher
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Intonation
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the inflection and tone of voice
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Pragmatics
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the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting
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Metalinguistic Awareness
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an understanding of one’s own use of language
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Bilingualism
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the use of more than one language
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Bilingual Education
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in which children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English
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Code-Based Approach to Reading
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belief that reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie it; phonics, compound words
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Multicultural Education
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a form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures
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Developmental Diversity
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discusses how the goals for educating students from different cultures have changed significantly over the years and are being debated today
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Cultural Assimilation Model
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a model that fostered the view of American society as the proverbial melting pot
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Pluralistic Society Model
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the concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features
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Bicultural Identity
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maintaining one’s original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture
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Intelligence
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the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
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Mental Age
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the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age
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Chronological/Physical Age
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the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test
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Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th Edition
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acronym SB
for a test that consists of a serious of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested 5 |
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Intelligence Quotient
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acronym IQ Score
for a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student’s mental and chronological age |
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th Edition
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acronym WISC-IV
for a test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (non-verbal) skills, as well as a total score |
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Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition
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acronym KABC-II
for an intelligence test that measures children’s ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step-by-step thinking |
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Fluid Intelligence
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intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
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Crystallized Intelligence
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the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations
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Dynamic Assessment
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Vygotsky’s belief that assessment tasks should involve cooperative interaction between the individual who is being assessed and the person who is doing the assessment
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Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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a model that states that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing:
the componential element, the experimental element, the contextual element |
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Componential Aspect of Intelligence
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reflects how efficiently people can process and analyze information
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Experiential Element Intelligence
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the insightful component; compare new material with what they already know and can combine and relate facts that they already know in novel and creative ways
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Contextual Element of Intelligence
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the practical element; ways of dealing with the demands of the everyday environment
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Least Restrictive Environment
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the setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs
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Mainstreaming
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an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives
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Full-Inclusion
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is the integration of all students, even those with the most severe disabilities, into regular classes and eliminates ‘special needs programs’
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Mental Retardation
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a significantly sub-average level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in two or more skill areas
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Mild Retardation
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retardation in which IQ scores fall in the range of 50-70
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Moderate Retardation
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retardation in which IQ scores range around 35-55
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Severe Retardation
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retardation in which IQ scores range from around 20-40
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Profound Retardation
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retardation in which IQ scores fall below 25
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Gifted and Talented
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children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields
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Acceleration
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special programs that allow gifted students to more ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels
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Enrichment
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an approach through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic
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Industry vs. inferiority Stage
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is the period from ages 6-12 years characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern world
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Social Comparison
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the desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others
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Social Reality
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refers to understanding that is derived from how others act, think, feel, and view the world
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Downward Social Comparison
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refers to comparing oneself to others that are obviously less competent or successful
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Self-Esteem
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individual’s overall specific positive or negative self-evaluation
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Social Identity Theory
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members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is a little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between groups
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Status
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the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group
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Social Competence
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the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings
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Social Problem-Solving
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the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others
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Dominance Hierarchy
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rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group
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Coregulation
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a period in which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior
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Sibling Rivalry
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siblings competing or quarreling with one another
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Self-Care Children/Latchkey Children
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children who let themselves into their homes after and wait alone until their caretakers return from work
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Blended Families
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a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them
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Role Ambiguity
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in which roles, responsibilities, and expectations of a relationship are unclear
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Group Home or Residential Treatment Center
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group homes for children whose parents are no longer able to care for them adequately
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Attributions
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people’s explanations for the reasons behind their behavior
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Teacher Expectancy Effect
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the cycles of behavior in which a teacher transmits an expectation about a child and actually brings about the expected behavior
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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in which a person’s expectation is capable of brings about an outcome
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Emotional Intelligence
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the set of skills that underlies the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
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