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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Minority groups are characterized by
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Distinguishable from dominant groups
Excluded or denied full participation Less access to power and resources; evaluated less favorably Stereotyped, ridiculed, condemned, or otherwise defamed Develop collective identities |
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What Characterizes Race and Ethnic Groups?
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Minority groups are determined by history and ideology.
Dominant groups are not always a numerical majority. Ethnic and racial groups are the most common minority groups in the world. |
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Race
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is a group, chosen by a society, who are presumed to have certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.
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Race relation problems are social in origin
During the 18th and 19th centuries, four major groupings were assigned: |
Mongoloid
Caucasoid Negroid Australoid |
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1970 US statement on race
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All people are born free and equal both in dignity and in rights.
Racism stultifies personal development. (Racial) conflicts cost nations money and resources. Racism foments international conflict. |
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Social significance is the idea from symbolic interaction theory that social consequences constitute reality.
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People assigned group membership, in part, on physical appearance.
All individuals classify objects, including humans. Classifications used to scientifically study humans. Classifications can provide individuals with an identity. |
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The Significance of Race vs. Class
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Racial stratification was the central stratification system in the United States for many years.
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The division of black America
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Two in five African Americans are middle-class
Majority of urban, black underclass are unemployed |
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Ethnic groups are groups where membership is based on shared cultural heritage and other cultural factors and is often connected with a national or geographic identity
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Many racial groups are ethnic groups.
Some ethnic groups are concentrated in ethnic enclaves. |
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Prejudice
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are non-factual attitudes that target a group, usually negatively
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Stereotypes are distorted, oversimplified, or exaggerated ideas passed down via culture.
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Applied to all members of a group
Used to justify prejudice, discrimination, and unequal distribution of resource |
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self-fulfilling prophesy
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is the incorporation of stereotyped behavior into an individual’s view of themselves.
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Frustration-aggression theory
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is a theory that states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration individuals feel when they cannot achieve their work or goals.
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Scapegoating
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is a form of aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward the real target or cause.
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Racism
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any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups.
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Ideological racism
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is an attempt to justify racism on the basis of a pseudoscientific set of ideas.
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Symbolic racism
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people insist they are not prejudiced or racist, yet oppose social policies that would eliminate racism and make true equality of opportunity possible
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Institutional racism
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involves discrimination that is hidden within the system.
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Discrimination
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is actions taken against members of a minority group; differential treatment of and harmful actions against minorities
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Individual discrimination
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is action taken against minority group members by individuals that can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or violence.
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Institutional discrimination
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is intentional and unintentional actions engrained in the normal or routine part of the way an organization operates that have consequences that restrict minority group members
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Purposeful or De jure discrimination
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is built into the law or is part of the explicit policies of an organization.
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Unintentional or De facto discrimination
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results from broad policies that favor one group and disadvantage another.
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Side-effect discrimination
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practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact because they are linked to practices in another institutional area
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Past-in-present discrimination
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practices from the past that may no longer be allowed but that continue to affect people today
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The form of dominant and minority group relations in a nation depend on several factors
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Who has more power
The needs of the domination group for commodities (labor and/or other resources) The cultural norms of each group The social histories of the group The physical and cultural identifiers of the group The times and circumstances |
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Genocide
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is the systematic effort of a dominant group to destroy a minority
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Population transfer and transnationalism
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refers to the removal of a minority group from a region or country
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Assimilation
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refers to the structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups (minority loses their original identity).
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Pluralism
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occurs when each ethnic or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions but has recognized equity in society
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Conflict Theory
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Privileged people perpetuate prejudice and discrimination against minority group members to keep privileges and resources
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Three critical factors contribute to hostility over resources
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If two groups of people are identifiably different then “we” versus “they” thinking may develop.
If the groups come into conflict over scarce resources that both groups want for themselves, hostilities are very likely to arise. If one group has much more power than the other, intense dislike between the two groups and misrepresentation of each group by the other is virtually inescapable. |
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Split Labor Market theory
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characterizes the labor market as having two levels
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Primary market
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"clean” jobs
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Secondary market
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minorities, especially from the urban underclass, are most likely to work in this market
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Structural-Functional Theory
A cheap pool of labors who are in and out of work serves several functions for society |
A cheap pool of labor provides a labor force to do “dirty work.”
They make occupations that service the poor possible. They buy goods others do not want. They set examples for others of what not to be. They allow others to feel good about giving to charity. |
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Prejudice, racism, and discrimination are dysfunctional for society in many ways
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They result in a loss of human resources.
They cost society due to poverty and crime. They maintain hostilities between groups. They fuel disrespect for those in power. |
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Individual Effects
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Unequal life chances, health, and access to property
Victims can also have low self-esteem from devalued status in society. |
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Organizations and communities
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Lose the talents of individuals they exclude
Government subsidies cost millions but made necessary by lack of opportunities for minority individuals. |
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Cultural costs
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Attempts to justify racism by stereotyping and labeling
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Five common reactions to dealing with a minority group status
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Assimilation—accommodation to prejudice and discrimination
Acceptance—live with minority status with little overt challenge to the system Avoidance—shunning all contact with the dominant group Aggression—results from anger and resentment over minority status and from subjugation may lead to retaliation or violence Change-oriented action—minority groups pursue social change in meso and macro-levels of society |
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Nonviolent Resistance
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think of Martin Luther King Jr. or Gandhi
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Individual or small-group solutions
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human relations workshops, group encounters and therapy
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Group contact
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integrated housing projects, job programs to promote minority hiring, busing children to schools
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Institutional and societal strategies
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lobbying, watchdog monitoring, education information dissemination, protest marches, rallies, and boycotts
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Affirmative action
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is a social policy created to change the unequal distribution of resources
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Strict affirmative action
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is a policy that involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintended discrimination does not occur
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Quota systems
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are policies that require employers to hire a certain percentage of minorities (now considered unconstitutional and therefore illegal)
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Preference policies
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policies are policies based on the belief that sometime people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and to create equality
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Objectives of preference policies include
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Eliminate qualifications that are not substantially related to the job that unwittingly favor members of the dominant group
Foster achievement of objectives of the organization that are only possible through enhanced diversity |