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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is cellular respiration? |
Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules |
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Where does cellular respiration take place? |
Inside the mitochondrion |
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What is the primary aim of cellular respiration? |
To make ATP and NADH |
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Aerobic respiration uses oxygen how? |
O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. |
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What does the chemical equation look like? |
Organic molecules + 02 ---> CO2 + H2O + Energy |
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What is a main organic molecule used in the cellular respiration process? |
Glucose |
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Glucose Metabolism's chemical equation looks like what? |
(C6 H12 06) + 6O2 ---> (06C O2) 6(H2O) |
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What are the 4 metabolic pathways in Glucose Metaboslism? |
1. Glycolysis. . 2. Breakdown of Pyruvate to an acetyl group . 3. Citric acid cycle. . 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation. . |
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Glucose Metabolism: Stage 1 |
Glycolysis |
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What is the process of Glycolysis |
The breakdown of Glucose into pyruvate. |
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Can glycolysis can occur with or without what? |
Oxygen, but it kinda sucks when it happens without oxygen. It will happen without oxygen in very specific situations. |
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The steps in glycolysis are (similar/different) in all living species? |
Similar |
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Where does glycolysis occur? |
Inside the cytosol |
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How many phases of glycolysis are there? How many steps in total? |
3 phases and 10 steps |
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What are the 3 phases of glycolysis? |
1. Energy investment. . 2. Cleavage. . 3. Energy liberation. . |
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What happens in the Energy Investment phase of Glycolysis? |
Steps 1-3 2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6 bisphosphate. (6-carbon thingy). |
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What happens in the Cleavage phase of Clycolysis? |
Steps 4-5 6-carbon molecule broken into two 3-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) |
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What happens in the Energy Liberation phase of Glycolysis? |
steps 6-10 Two glyceraldehyde-3phosphate molecules broken down into two Pyruvate molecules producing 2 NADH and 4 ATP |
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What is the Net yield of ATP in Glycolysis? |
1. Energy investment makes 2 ATP. 2. Cleavage makes zero. 3. Energy liberation makes 4 ATP. Total ATP = 6 |
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What is the net yeild of NADH in Glycolysis? What stage is it made in? |
Net yield of 2 NADH. Made in the Energy liberation stage. |
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What happens in Glucose Metabolism: Stage 2? |
Breakdown of Pyruvate to an acetyl group |
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In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. How many pyruvate molecules came from Stage 1? |
Two molecules of Pyruvate |
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In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. For eukaryotes(multicell), pyruvate is transported to what? |
Mitochondrial matrix |
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In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. What eyzme breaks down Pyruvate? |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase |
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In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. What is removed from each pyruvate? What is the other part left? |
CO2 is removed. Acetyl group is left behind. |
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In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. What happens to the acetyl group left over after the CO2 is broken off of the Pyruvate? |
Acetyl Group attached to CoA to make Acetyle CoA |
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In Glucose Metabolsim Stage 2. How much NADH is made for each pyruvate? |
1 NADH is made. Totaling 2 because 2 pyruvate came into the process. |
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What is Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism? |
The Citric Acid Cycle (Kerbs Cycle) |
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Generally what happens in Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism? |
It's a metabolic cycle. Particular molecules enter while other leave, involving a series of organic molecules regenerated with each cycle. You end with what you started with. Cycle. |
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Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism. Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to what? This forms what? |
Oxaloacetate and this forms citrate or citric acid. |
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Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism. Series of steps release what? |
2CO2, 1ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 for each cycle. |
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Stage 3 in Glucose Metabolism. At the end of the cycle what is regenerated so that the process can start over again? |
Oxaloacetate |
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What is the 4th stage of Glucose Metabolism? |
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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What happens in the 4th stage of Glucose Metabolism? |
High energy electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism typically requires the presence of what? |
Oxygen. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism is an oxidative process involving what? |
The electron transport chain. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. Phosphorylation occurs by what Enzyme? |
ATP synthase |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. What is the Electron transport chain? (ECT) |
Group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism . The ECT can accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of what reactions? |
Redox - one molecules looses an electron and another molecules gains an electron. The electrons are passed around. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ECT. Movement of electrons generates what kind of gradient? |
H+ electrochemical gradient/proton-motive force. There is an excess of positive charge outside of the matrix. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ECT. Since there is a greater number of H+ molecules on the outside what do they want to do? |
Go inside. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ETC. Lipid bi-layer of inner mitochondrial membrane is relatively (impermable/permable) to H+ |
impermable, but there is a place it can get through. |
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ECT 4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. Where does the H+ get through the ECT? |
It passes through ATP synthase. (Enzyme) |
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What happens with H+ goes through ATP Synthase? |
ATP Synthase(enzyme) harnesses free energy released to synthesize ATP from ADP |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism ECT. What is Chemiosmosis? |
The Chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. How is the energy converted? |
H+ electrochemical gradient pushes stuff into a chemical bond energy to form ATP. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. What is the ATP made up of? |
ADP + Pi and H+ make ATP through ATP Synthase.
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase moves in what way? Why? |
ATP Synthase moves in a rotary machine that makes ATP as it spins |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. What is the first turn for? What is the second turn for? 2 part process. |
First turn bonds tightly to form the molecule, second turn bonds weakly and release the molecule. |
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4th stage of Glucose Metabolism. ATP Synthase. How many ATP molecules per glucose? |
30-34 ATP |
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What other organic molecules can be used for energy? |
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. |
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What is the difference with the other organic molecules and Glucose that create energy? |
The other organic molecules enter in glycolysis or citric acid cycles at different points |
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Why do these organic molecules use the same pathways as Glucose for breakdown? |
It increases efficiency |
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What is anabolsim? |
It is the same process as metabolism but on other molecules. It gets a different name. |
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In environments that lack sufficient oxygen how is energy made? What are the processes called? |
Anaerobic metabolism and fermentation |
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Anaerobic metabolism. What is it? |
Use of substances other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain. |
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Fermentation. What is it? |
ATP made via glycolysis ONLY. Needs to regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis running. It produces far lessATP |
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What are some examples of Fermentation? |
Muscles producing lactate and Yeast making ethanol. |