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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. The most crucial ingredient in all learning is |
experience. |
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2. Learning that certain events occur together is called |
associative learning. |
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3. Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. Thisbest illustrates |
operant conditioning |
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4. In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the |
US. |
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5. If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with thepresentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n) |
conditioned response. |
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6. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. Inthis fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the |
conditioned stimulus |
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7. If a tone that regularly signals food triggers a salivation response, then a light that becomes associated with that tonemay also begin to trigger salivation. This best illustrates |
higher-order conditioning. |
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8. After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. Asa result, ________ occurred. |
extinction |
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9. After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any womanwearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates |
generalization. |
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10. Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise,however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This suddenanxiety best illustrates |
spontaneous recovery |
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11. Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip's newly developed tendency to fear all smallanimals demonstrates the process of |
generalization. |
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12. Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates theprocess of |
discrimination. |
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13. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that |
B) the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur. |
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14. After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina'spattern of fear best illustrates |
discrimination. |
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15. After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop anaversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classicalconditioning. |
cognitive processes |
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16. Birds appear to be biologically predisposed to develop aversions to the ________ of tainted food. |
sight |
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17. Professor Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person’s inborn emotionalreactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. The professor’s emphasis bestillustrates |
a biopsychosocial approach. |
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18. Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote |
survival. |
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19. Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of |
operant conditioning |
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20. Which of the following is most clearly an operant behavior? |
whining |
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21. The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called |
shaping. |
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22. To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedureknown as |
shaping. |
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23. Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In thiscase, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying. |
positive reinforcer |
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24. Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________reinforcement schedule. |
fixed-ratio |
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25. An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a |
punishment. |
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26. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) |
D) unpredictable number of responses have been made. |
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27. A child learns to stop fighting with his brother after the fight leads to suspension of the child’s TV-viewing privileges.In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a |
negative punishment. |
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28. Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representationsare called |
cognitive maps. |
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29. Latent learning can occur in the absence of |
cognition. |
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30. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates theimportance of ________ in learning. |
biological predispositions |
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31. When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learnsto imitate that sequence. This best illustrates |
observational learning |
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32. Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth arealso activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointedto the significance of |
mirror neurons |
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33. Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning. |
modeling |
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34. Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that |
B) viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively. |
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35. Prolonged exposure to TV violence leads viewers to experience |
B) less sympathy for victims of violence and to become less upset by the sight of real-life violence. |