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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Punishment |
a stimulus FOLLOWING behaviour that decreases/ weakens that the behaviour occurs in the future - stimulus/ consequence that follows a particular behaviour and as a result the behaviour is less likely to occur again in the future |
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Punisher aka aversive stimulus |
- is a consequence that makes particular behaviour less likely to occur in the future - eg. dog bites your hand and you don't reach over the fence anymore |
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Positive Punishment |
-the occurrence of a behaviour, followed by the PRESENTATION of an aversive stimulus and as a result the behaviour is LESS likely to occur in the future |
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Neg Punishment |
occurrence of a behaviour followed by the REMOVAL (of a reinforcing stimulus) and as a result the behaviour is less likely to occur in the future |
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two common examples of neg punishment |
1. time out- the loss of a reinforcing stimulus after the occurrence of a problem behaviour. 2. response cost |
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Factors the Influence Effectiveness of Punishment 1. Immediacy |
- punishing stimulus immediately follows a behaviour of when the loss of reinforcer occurs immediately after the behaviour the behaviour is more likely to be weakened - as the delay between behaviour and consequence increases, the effectiveness of the consequence as a punisher decreases |
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2. Contingency |
- for punishment to be most effective- the punishing stimulus should occur EVERY time the behaviour occurs
- the punishing consequence must be contingent on the behaviour when the punisher follows the behaviour every time it occurs -punishment as with reinforcement is Less effective when applied inconsistently |
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3. Individual Differences and 4. Magnitude |
- punishers vary from person to person
and in general more intense aversive stimulus is a more effective punisher |
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Problems with Punishment 1. Aggression |
- punishment may produce elicited aggression or other emotional side effects -The tendency to engage in aggressive behaviour may have survival value emotional reaction= survival value - aggression could receive negative reinforcement |
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2. Escape and Avoidance Behaviours |
- the use of punishment may result in escape or avoidance behaviours by the person who is being punished - Eg. child might run away or hide fro ma parent who is about to spank the child, sometimes ppl learn to LIE to avoid punishment |
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3. Negative Reinforcement for the Use of punishment |
-overuse of punishment by person implementing it because it works and it works fast - may be misused - it results in immediate decrease in problem behaviour which negatively reinforcers the punisher to keep using it- person is more likely to use punishment in future similar circumstances |
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4. Punishment and Modeling |
- people who observe someone making frequent use of punishment may themselves be more likely to use punishment when they arena a similar situation - especially true for children - observational learning of effectiveness- children model punishment |
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5. Ethical Issues |
- debates about whether it is ethical to use punishment, especially painful or aversive stimuli to change the behaviour of others - some say it can't be justified, others say it is justified if the behaviour is harmful or serious enough |