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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
accomodation |
Piaget's term for the modification of an established schema to fit a new object or problem |
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androgyny |
ability to display both male and female characteristics |
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assimilation |
Piaget's term for the application of an established schema to new objects or problems
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attachment |
long term feeling of closeness between people such as a child and a caregiver |
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authoritarian parents |
parents who exert firm controls on their children, generally without explaining the reasons for the rules and without providing much warmth. |
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authoritative parents |
parents who are demanding and impose firm controls but are also warm and responsive to the child's communications. |
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biculturalism |
ability to alternate between membership in one culture and membership in another |
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chromosome |
strand of hereditary material found in the nucleus of a cell. |
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cohort |
group of people born at a particular time (compared to people born at different times) |
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conservation |
concept that objects retain their weight, volume and certain other properties in spite of changes in their shape or arrangement |
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cross-sectional study |
study of groups of individuals of different ages all at the same time. |
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dishabituation |
increase in a previously habituation response, as a result of a change in the stimulus |
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dizygotic twins |
Literally two egg twins. Twins who develop from two eggs fertilized by two different sperm. They are no more closely related than are any other children born to the same parents. |
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dominant |
a gene of which a single copy is sufficient to produce its effect |
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egocentric |
not taking the perspective of another person; tending to view the world as centered around oneself. |
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equilibriation |
establishment of a harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation |
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evolution |
a gradual change in the frequency of various genes from one generation to the next. |
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fetal alcohol syndrome |
condition marked by stunted growth of the head and body; malformations of the face, heart and ears; and nervous system damage including seizures, hyperactivity, learning disabilities and mental retardation. |
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fetus |
organism more developed than an embryo but not yet born (from about 8 weeks after conception to birth in humans) |
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gene |
segments of chromosomes that control chemical reactions that ultimately direct the development of the organism |
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habituation |
decrease in a person's response to a stimulus after it has been presented repeatedly |
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hereditability |
estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity |
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identity achievement |
outcome of having explored various possible identities and then making one's own decisions |
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identity crisis |
concerns with decisions about future and the quest for self understanding |
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identity diffusion
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condition of having not yet given any serious thought to identity decisions and having no clear sense of identity |
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identity foreclosure |
state of having made firm identity decisions without having thought much about them |
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identity moratorium |
state of seriously considering one's identity without having made any decisions |
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indifferent or uninvolved parents |
parents who pay little attention to heir child beyond doing what is necessary to feed and shelter them |
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interaction |
an instance in which the effect of one variable depends on some other variable |
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longitudinal study |
study of a single group of individuals over time |
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midlife transition |
time when people reassess their personal goals, set new ones and prepare for the rest of life |
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monozygotic twins |
literally one egg twins. Twins who develop from the same fertilized egg |
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multiplier effect |
a small initial advantage in some behavior, possibly genetic in origin, alters the environment and magnifies that advantage |
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object permanence |
concept that objects continue to exist even when one does not see, hear or otherwise sense them |
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operation |
according to Piaget, a mental process that can be reversed |
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permissive parents |
those who are warm and loving but undemanding |
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phenylketonuria (PKU) |
inherited disorder in which a person lacks the chemical reactions that convert a nutrient called phenylalanine into other chemicals. unless a diet is carefully controlled, the person can become mentally retarded. |
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preoperational stage |
According to Piaget, the second stage of intellectual development, in which children lack operations |
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recessive |
a gene whose effects appear only if the dominant gene is absent |
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scheme (pl schemata) |
organized way of interacting with objects in the world |
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selective attrition |
tendency of some kinds of people to be more likely than others to drop out of a study |
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sensory motor stage |
according to Piaget, the first stage of intellectual development. An infant's behavior is limited to making simple motor responses to sensory stimuli. |
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sequential design |
procedure in which researchers start with different groups of people at different ages studied at the same time and them study them again at one or more later times |
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sex chromosomes |
pair of chromosomes that determine whether a fetus will develop as a female or as a male |
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sex-limited gene |
gene that affects one sex more strongly than the other even though both sexes have the gene |
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sex-linked (aka x-linked) gene |
gene located on the X chromosome (eg hemophilia) |
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sex roles |
different activities expected of males and females |
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stage of concrete operations |
According to Piaget, the ability to deal with the properties of concrete objects but not hypothetical or abstract questions |
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stage of formal operations |
According to Piaget, the stage where children develop the ability to deal with abstract hypothetical situations which demand logical deductive reasoning and systematic planning |
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strange situation |
procedure in which a psychologist observes an infant's behavior in an unfamiliar room at various times as a stranger enters, leaves and returns and the mother enters, leaves and returns |
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temperament |
people's tendency to be either active or inactive, outgoing or reserved, and to respond vigorously or quietly to new stimuli |
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terror management theory |
proposal that we cope with our fear of death by avoiding thinking about death and affirming a worldview that provides self-esteem, hope and value in life. |
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theory of mind |
understanding that other people have a mind too and that each person knows some things that other people don't know. |
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X chromosome |
Sex chromosome. females have 2 per cell and males have only one |
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Y chromosome |
Sex chromosome. Males have one per cell, females have none. |
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Zone of proximal development |
distance between what a child can do on his or her own and what the child can do with the help of adults and older children |
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zygote |
fertilized egg cell. |